Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84 adolescents about their involvement in traditional and electronic bullying. The researchers defined electronic bullying as “… a means of bullying in which peers use electronics [such as text messages, emails, and defaming Web sites] to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or intimidate a peer” (p. 565). Table 1-10 is a frequency table showing the adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or perpetrators of traditional and electronic bullying. (a) Using this table as an example, explain the idea of a frequency table to a person who has never had a course in statistics. (b) Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results. Table 1-10 Incidence of Traditional and Electronic Bullying and Victimization (N = 84) Form of Bullying N % Electronic victims 41 48.8 Text-message victim 27 32.1 Internet victim (Web sites, chatrooms) 13 15.5 Picture-phone victim 8 9.5 Traditional victims 60 71.4 Physical victim 38 45.2 Teasing victim 50 59.5 Rumors victim 32 38.6 Exclusion victim 30 50.0 Electronic bullies 18 21.4 Text-message bully 18 21.4 Internet bully 11 13.1 Traditional bullies 54 64.3 Physical bully 29 34.5 Teasing bully 38 45.2 Rumor bully 22 26.2 Exclusion bully 35 41.7
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84 adolescents about their involvement in traditional and electronic bullying. The researchers defined electronic bullying as “… a means of bullying in which peers use electronics [such as text messages, emails, and defaming Web sites] to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or intimidate a peer” (p. 565). Table 1-10 is a frequency table showing the adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or perpetrators of traditional and electronic bullying. (a) Using this table as an example, explain the idea of a frequency table to a person who has never had a course in statistics. (b) Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results.
Table 1-10 Incidence of Traditional and Electronic Bullying and Victimization (N = 84)
|
Form of Bullying |
N |
% |
|
Electronic victims |
41 |
48.8 |
|
Text-message victim |
27 |
32.1 |
|
Internet victim (Web sites, chatrooms) |
13 |
15.5 |
|
Picture-phone victim |
8 |
9.5 |
|
Traditional victims |
60 |
71.4 |
|
Physical victim |
38 |
45.2 |
|
Teasing victim |
50 |
59.5 |
|
Rumors victim |
32 |
38.6 |
|
Exclusion victim |
30 |
50.0 |
|
Electronic bullies |
18 |
21.4 |
|
Text-message bully |
18 |
21.4 |
|
Internet bully |
11 |
13.1 |
|
Traditional bullies |
54 |
64.3 |
|
Physical bully |
29 |
34.5 |
|
Teasing bully |
38 |
45.2 |
|
Rumor bully |
22 |
26.2 |
|
Exclusion bully |
35 |
41.7 |
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