Question 1. What is the most recent estimated time of divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates, based on the ATPase 6 gene? What is the most distant? Question 2. Based on the most recent plausible age, which gene gives the most recent time for the divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates? According to that estimate, how long ago was this? Question 3. Based on the most distant plausible age, which gene gives the most distant time for the divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates? According to that estimate, how long ago was this? • Use the information in Figure 1 to answerquestions 1 through 3.ATPase 61.8Cytochrome c0.41.60.31.20.20.80.1 t0.4Cytochrome oxidase0.5Cytochrome oxidase li0.90.40.70.30.50.20.30.10.1a Hemoglobin3.5B Hernoglobin3.53.2.52.521.51.50.50.5NADH 118S rANA0.30.80.250.20.60.150.40.10.20.05500100015002000500100015002000Figure 1genes. In each plot, the x-axis represents time(in millions of years) and the y-axis representsThe graphs show plots for eightgenetic divergence. The dots representdivergences of lineages with knowndivergence times. The shaded regionsrepresent the range of genetic divergencesbetween invertebrates and vertebrates (y-axis)and the inferred range of divergence timesbetween invertebrates and vertebrates (x-axis).

The evolutionary studies are based on fossil samples and molecular analysis. The evolution of…

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Question 1. What is the most recent estimated time of divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates, based on the ATPase 6 gene? What is the most distant?

Question 2. Based on the most recent plausible age, which gene gives the most recent time for the divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates? According to that estimate, how long ago was this?

Question 3. Based on the most distant plausible age, which gene gives the most distant time for the divergence between invertebrates and vertebrates? According to that estimate, how long ago was this?

• Use the information in Figure 1 to answer
questions 1 through 3.
ATPase 6
1.8
Cytochrome c
0.4
1.6
0.3
1.2
0.2
0.8
0.1 t
0.4
Cytochrome oxidase
0.5
Cytochrome oxidase li
0.9
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
a Hemoglobin
3.5
B Hernoglobin
3.5
3.
2.5
2.5
2
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
NADH 1
18S rANA
0.3
0.8
0.25
0.2
0.6
0.15
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.05
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
1500
2000
Figure 1
genes. In each plot, the x-axis represents time
(in millions of years) and the y-axis represents
The graphs show plots for eight
genetic divergence. The dots represent
divergences of lineages with known
divergence times. The shaded regions
represent the range of genetic divergences
between invertebrates and vertebrates (y-axis)
and the inferred range of divergence times
between invertebrates and vertebrates (x-
axis).

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