Question 1. In total, how many plant populations were established in this experiment? In each of these populations, what was the initial frequency of each plant genotype? Question 2. Did evolution occur in the control populations? If so, what factor or factors may have caused evolution by natural selection in these populations? Explain your answer. Question 3. Did evolution occur in the populations exposed to the generalist herbivore? If so, what factor or factors may have caused evolution by natural selection in these populations? Explain your answer.
Gene Flow
Gene flow, also known as gene migration, is the introduction of genetic material from a particular population to another population of the same species through interbreeding. For example, a bee facilitates its reproductive process by carrying pollen from one flower to another. The flow alters the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population. It introduces new alleles within the population and helps increase variability. This exchange of genetic material occurs through reproduction and brings about new combinations of traits into the population. Where human beings are concerned, actual migration of populations, whether voluntary or forced, brings about gene flow.
Population Biology
Population biology is the study of patterns in organism populations, specifically the growth and management of population size, population genetics, the evolution of life history, species interactions, and demography.
Speciation
The process of speciation involves the formation of new species during evolution. The new species evolve in such a way that both new and old species are not able to interbreed. Thus, speciation occurs when few members of one species get separated from the main species due to geographical, mechanical, or reproductive isolation. These separated members develop new traits that make them different from the main species. In other words, speciation could be defined as the absence of gene flow between two populations that become new species.
Allele Fixation
A gene is a unit of heredity and contains both physical and functional information that shapes an individual. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carry genetic information from one generation to another, from one set of parents to their offspring, and so on. Every cell in a human body, or any living organism, has the same DNA, which implies that every cell in an individual’s body has all the information it needs to build and sustain the body!
Question 1. In total, how many plant populations were established in this experiment? In each of these populations, what was the initial frequency of each plant genotype?
Question 2. Did evolution occur in the control populations? If so, what factor or factors may have caused evolution by natural selection in these populations? Explain your answer.
Question 3. Did evolution occur in the populations exposed to the generalist herbivore? If so, what factor or factors may have caused evolution by natural selection in these populations? Explain your answer.
Question 4. Compare results for the control and generalist herbivore treatments. Why do you think the experiment showed the results that it did?
Plant Genotypes Suppose the researchers conduct another experiment to investigate whether a generalist herbivore can affect the natural selection of a plant species. They establish ten replicate populations of the plant and expose each to two experimental treatments: a control (no herbivore) and grazing by a generalist insect herbivore. Each replicate population is initiated with equal proportions of 15 natural genotypes. The experiment is conducted for five generations. At the end of the experiment, the frequencies of all surviving genotypes are determined and are shown in the table. Cl Frequency (%) of surviving plant genotypes Treatment 1 2 3 4 6 7 89 10 1 12 13 14 15 Control 6.2 6.7 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.4 Generalist herbivore 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.3
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