Q1. An audio-signal source can be represented by a 10-mV (rms) voltage source with 500-2 resistance. The audio signal is to be applied to a 10-2 loudspeaker as shown below. (a) If the signal source is connected directly to the loudspeaker, find the power delivered to the loudspeaker. (b) A voltage amplifier is to be connected between the signal source and the loudspeaker. The input voltage of the amplifier before saturation occurs is 8 mV rms. The maximum loudspeaker current is 100 mA rms. Design the amplifier so that maximum power is delivered to the loudspeaker (i.e. find A,,R,, R, ). Find also this maximum power. (c) Find the rms value of the load voltage for part (b). R=500 N loudspeaker voltage amplifier: R=10 2 R.

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Types of Thyristors

With four layers of alternating P- and N- materials, a thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device. It acts as a type of bi-stable switch and it conducts when the gate receives a current trigger and continues to conduct until the voltage is reverse biased across the device or by some means until the voltage is removed. The silicon-controlled rectifier is considered synonymous with thyristors by some sources. Thyristors are defined as more complex by other sources as it contains at least four-layer of alternating N-type and P-type substrate. They find large applications in the control of electrical power supplies, electric motor speed control, and ranging of light dimmers because thyristors can control large amounts of power supplies and voltage with a small device. The circuit symbol of the thyristor is given below.