Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
![Reactant/reagent List
Enter code (# or letter) in the appropriate boxes.
Alkyl Halides (X = CI, Br or I): Assume AICI, is present if needed
CH,X
X,
B
A
D
E
F
G
H
H2
Alcohols: Assume an acid catalyst [H+], or pyridine, is present if needed.
он
HO.
OH
CH,OH
HO
HO,
он
AA
BB
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
HH2
Ketones, Aldehydes and Epoxides: Assume "then H,0" is included if a protonation step is needed
Ph
J
K
M
Ph.
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
T
U
V
w
Acid Chlorides: Assume AICI, or pyridine is present if needed
Ph
TT
U
UV
ww
XX
YY
Reactant/reagent List
Enter code (# or letter) in the appropriate boxes.
Other Reagents:
21 Br2, FeBr3
22 Mg. Et,0
23 Cl2, AICI3
24 SOCI2, pyridine
43 NANO2, HCI
1 H30* (dilute H2SO4)
or H30*, heat
2 conc. H,SO4, heat
11 PCC in CH,Cl2
12 Na,Cr2O7, H2SO4, H2O
13 BH THF or 9-BBN,
then H2O2, NaOH
14 Hg(OAc)2, H2O, then NaBH, 25 HNO3, H2SO4
15 O3, then Zn, HCI or DMS
16 MCPBA or CH;CO3H
17 Br2, light or NBS, heat
44 CuBr
45 CuCl
3 NaOEt
46 Cul
4 t-BUOK
47 CUCN
26 fuming H,SO4
27 Fe, HCI; then NaOH
48 HBF.
49 H2O, heat
50 H3PO2
5 H2, Pt
6 H2, Lindlar's catalyst
7 Na, NH3
8 LAH or xs LAH, then H20
9 NABH4, CH3OH
10 NaBH,CN, pH 5
28 Zn(Hg), HCI
29 KCN, or KCN + HCN
18 HBr
19 HBr, ROOR
30 CO2, then H30*
20 PBr3
31 (H*].
HO
он
(-H2O)
Grignard, Wittig and Gilman Reagents:
Assume "then H,0" is included if a protonation step is
needed
32 NH, (1 or 2 equiv.)
33 CH;NH2 (1 or 2 equiv)
34 (CH3)½NH (1 or 2 equiv)
35 EINH, (1 or 2 equiv)
36 PHCH,NH2 (1 or 2 equiv).
37 LDA, -78 °C
38 NaH, 25 °C
51
„MgBr
MeMgBr
EtMgBr PhMgBr PHCH;MgBr
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
NH2
52
CuLi
Me;Culi Et,Culi
Ph,Culi (PHCH2)hCuli
2
39 LIAI(OR);H, then H20
40 DIBAH, then H20
41 Brz. [H3O*]
42 Br2, NaOH
G6
G7
G8
G9
G10
Ph;P=CH2 Ph3P=CHCH3 PhyP=CHCO¿Et PhyP=CHPH
W1
w2
W3
W4](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbc96294a-6867-4c53-8945-7b1c26d22cf9%2F57a3bffa-d5b3-4716-820e-2e913b99760a%2Fpoohtm2_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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