Properties of Viruses Obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals • Ultramicroscopic size, ranging from 20 nm up to 450 nm (diameter) • Not cellular in nature; structure is very compact and economical • Do not independently fulfill the characteristics of life • Inactive macromolecules outside the host cell and active only inside host cells Basic structure consists of protein shell (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid core • Nucleic acid of the viral genome is either DNA or RNA but not both • Nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, single-stranded RNA, or double-stranded RNA • Molecules on virus surface impart high specificity for attachment to host cell • Multiply by taking control of host cell's genetic material and regulating the synthesis and assembly of new viruses • Lack enzymes for most metabolic processes Lack machinery for synthesizing proteins

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Virus

Viruses are infectious microscopic agents that can only reproduce in live cells of animals, plants, or microbes and are smaller than bacteria. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, and fungi are among their many hosts. Viruses are unable to multiply on their own due to the lack of necessary cellular machinery, but they can guide the cell machinery of a host to make additional viruses by infection. The virus enters and attaches to a particular host cell, injects its genetic material, and reproduces by using the host’s genetic material. Viruses cause infection by taking entry into the host cell and using the host cell’s enzymes and raw materials to multiply.