(Problem 13.1.1) Escape! . Vc а) A projectile on a planet of radius Rand mass M is sent directly upward with a speed v. Using energy conservation, find the critical initial speed v, such that as the projectile reaches an infinite range it has exactly zero m. final speed, and therefore does not return. This critical velocity as defined is called the escape velocity. Neglect atmospheric effects and planetary rotation. R M b) Apply your expression for the escape velocity to our own planet Earth (M=6x1024kg, R=6,378km, G= 6.67408x10-11m³/kg s²). Compare the escape velocity to the speed of sound, vs = 343 m/s. c) Consider what radius the Earth would need to be such that the escape velocity is exactly the speed of light, c = 3x10® m/s.
Stellar evolution
We may see thousands of stars in the dark sky. Our universe consists of billions of stars. Stars may appear tiny to us but they are huge balls of gasses. Sun is a star of average size. Some stars are even a thousand times larger than the sun. The stars do not exist forever they have a certain lifetime. The life span of the sun is about 10 billion years. The star undergoes various changes during its lifetime, this process is called stellar evolution. The structure of the sun-like star is shown below.
Red Shift
It is an astronomical phenomenon. In this phenomenon, increase in wavelength with corresponding decrease in photon energy and frequency of radiation of light. It is the displacement of spectrum of any kind of astronomical object to the longer wavelengths (red) side.
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