Pressure gradients drive blood flow from the heart to the tissues (systemic circuit) and the heart to the lungs (pulmonary circuit). The same amount of blood must flow through both the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit, and yet the pulmonary circuit experiences a significantly lower pressure gradient. Explain how this is the case
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Pressure gradients drive blood flow from the heart to the tissues (systemic circuit) and the heart to the lungs (pulmonary circuit). The same amount of blood must flow through both the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit, and yet the pulmonary circuit experiences a significantly lower pressure gradient. Explain how this is the case
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- Frank-Starling law of the heart states: if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will decrease the force of contraction a greater end diastolic volume will produce a weaker contraction of the ventricle by increasing the force of ventricular contraction you will increase the end systolic volume if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will increase the force of contraction.As blood flows from the aorta to the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries and through the venous circulation, it encounters various resistances to flow, which results in pressure drops. Using the table, calculate the resistance for an artery and a capillary. (Note: The viscosity of the blood is 3.5 × 10-3 Pa-s.)The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.
- As a result of ventricular depolarization (T wave), calcium ions are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ventricular muscles relax. As the myocardium relaxes, the semilunar valves close. At this time which of the following is true? Group of answer choices (A) ventricular pressure > aortic pressure > atrial pressure (B) atrial pressure > ventricular pressure > aortic pressure (C) aortic pressure > ventricular pressure > atrial pressure (D) aortic pressure > atrial pressure > ventricular pressurea) A consequence of the Frank-Starling law of the heart is that the outputs of the right and left ventricles match. Explain why this is important and how this match is made.b) The excitation-contraction matching mechanism within the heart muscle is different from that of the skeletal muscle. How might these differences be related to the difference between action potentials in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?Diagram electrical conduction of the heart and discuss each component (SA node, AV node, etc). How does this dictate the fluidity of heart contraction? Why does the SA always start the conduction? What is the inherent rate of depolarization of the SA node (this means that if the nervous system was shut off what would resting bpm be)? If it is damaged what happens to the electrical conduction system?
- Below are drawings of three different action potentials. Two of these occur in the heart, and one occurs in skeletal muscle. Which one comes from a contractile cardiac muscle cell? A skeletal muscle cell? A cardiac pacemaker cell? For each one, state which ion is responsible for the depolarization phase and which ion is responsible for the repolarization phase.We analyzed the difference between the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell and an action potential in a neuron. Describe the physiological mechanisms behind the primary difference in the shape of these two action potentials. Why is this feature important to the normal workings of the heart?Describe the action potential of an autorhythmic cell in the heart.a) Indicate how the opening and closing of each ion channel affects the membrane potential of the cell.b) Provide one similarity between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.c) Provide one difference between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.
- If the pressure in the ventricles is higher than the pressure in the atria, but lower than the pressure in the great arteries, which of the following is true? a-semilunar valves will be closed, but the atrioventricular valves will be open, ventricles will be filling b-both the atrioventricular and semilunar valves will be closed and there will be no flow of blood c-both the atrioventricular and semilunar valves will be open and there will be flow through the ventricles d-the atrioventricular valves will be closed, but the semilunar valves will be open, ventricles will be ejecting bloodWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.In a sheet of ventricular cardiac muscle tissue, we should be able to observe electricity spreading between adjacent muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) and from Purkinje fibers to muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) via electrical synapses that form between the cell membranes.