Please draw structural formulas for all the linear constitutional isomers that have the molecular formula C4H4 and indicate which of the following they possess.

Chemistry
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Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Please draw structural formulas for all the linear constitutional isomers that have the molecular formula C4H4 and indicate which of the following they possess. 

**Hybridization of Carbon Atoms**

**sp hybridized carbon atoms**
- Hybridization where one s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two sp hybrid orbitals. This type of hybridization is typically found in carbon atoms that are involved in triple bonds.

**sp² hybridized carbon atoms**
- This involves the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals to form three sp² hybrid orbitals. Carbon atoms with sp² hybridization are found in compounds with double bonds.

**sp³ hybridized carbon atoms**
- In this hybridization, one s orbital mixes with three p orbitals to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals. This is commonly seen in carbon atoms involved in single bonds.

**σ-bonds (sigma bonds) and π-bonds (pi bonds)**
- σ-bonds: These are single covalent bonds formed by the overlapping of sp, sp², or sp³ hybridized orbitals along the inter-nuclear axis. They allow free rotation of the bonded atoms.
- π-bonds: These occur when parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons, found in double or triple bonds alongside sigma bonds. They restrict the rotational movement around the bond.

This content describes different types of hybridization in carbon atoms and explains the nature of sigma and pi bonds, which are fundamental concepts in understanding molecular geometry and chemical bonding.
Transcribed Image Text:**Hybridization of Carbon Atoms** **sp hybridized carbon atoms** - Hybridization where one s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two sp hybrid orbitals. This type of hybridization is typically found in carbon atoms that are involved in triple bonds. **sp² hybridized carbon atoms** - This involves the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals to form three sp² hybrid orbitals. Carbon atoms with sp² hybridization are found in compounds with double bonds. **sp³ hybridized carbon atoms** - In this hybridization, one s orbital mixes with three p orbitals to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals. This is commonly seen in carbon atoms involved in single bonds. **σ-bonds (sigma bonds) and π-bonds (pi bonds)** - σ-bonds: These are single covalent bonds formed by the overlapping of sp, sp², or sp³ hybridized orbitals along the inter-nuclear axis. They allow free rotation of the bonded atoms. - π-bonds: These occur when parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons, found in double or triple bonds alongside sigma bonds. They restrict the rotational movement around the bond. This content describes different types of hybridization in carbon atoms and explains the nature of sigma and pi bonds, which are fundamental concepts in understanding molecular geometry and chemical bonding.
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