Player 1 Left Right Player 2 Player 2 Up Down Up Down Player 1 15, 20 30, 10 10, 50 Party Sleep 50, 50 200, 40 6. Use backward induction to find the SPE of the game depicted on the game tree shown above. Recall that Player l's payoffs are written first followed by Player 2's payoffs. What is Player 2's payoff in the SPE? a. 10 b. 20 с. 30 d. 40 е. 50
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- 10. Player A and Player B are playing a game . First , Player A chooses to either " Keep " or " Pass " . Second , Player B observes A's choice and Player B then chooses to either Keep or Pass . This process continues which creates the sequential game below . Please mark decisions that rational and selfish players will choose at every decision node ( 3 decisions by player A and 3 decisions by player B ) - mark them on the Figure . What is the equilibrium of this game ?Consider the game tree below (attached). In this game, each player can mover either Up (U) or Down (D). Player 1 moves first, then Player 2, and Player 3 moves last. Using backwards induction, clearly identify the choice that each player will make at each stage in the tree circle the ultimate outcome (payoff) to the gameConsider a setting in which player 1 moves first by choosing among threeactions: a, b, and c. After observing the choice of player 1, player 2 choosesamong two actions: x and y. Consider the following three variants as towhat player 3 can do and what she knows when she moves:a. If player 1 chose a, then player 3 selects among two actions: high andlow. Player 3 knows player 2’s choice when she moves. Write down theextensive form of this setting. (You can ignore payoffs.)b. If player 1 chose a, then player 3 selects among two actions: high andlow. Player 3 does not know player 2’s choice when she moves. Writedown the extensive form of this setting. (You can ignore payoffs.)c. If player 1 chose either a or b, then player 3 selects among two actions: high and low. Player 3 observes the choice of player 2, but not that of player 1. Write down the extensive form of this setting.(You can ignore payoffs.)
- 4. David plays in a game where his strategy (set of possible choices) is denoted by x, which can be any integer between 1 and 7, against Goliath, whose strategy is denoted by y, which can be any integer between 1 and 7. David's and Goliath's utility functions are the same and given by: U(x, y) = (x-2)(y-2). Based on this information, determine whether each of the following statements are true or false. (a) The combination (x, y) = (2, 2) is a Nash equilibrium. (b) This game has no dominant strategy (a choice of integer that gives the highest payoff regardless of what the opponent chooses). (c) This game has only one dominated strategy (a choice of integer that would never be a best response to the opponent's choice of integer).You and a coworker are assigned a team project on which your likelihood or a promotion will be decidedon. It is now the night before the project is due and neither has yet to start it. You both want toreceive a promotion next year, but you both also want to go to your company’s holiday party that night.Each of you wants to maximize his or her own happiness (likelihood of a promotion and mingling withyour colleagues “on the company’s dime”). If you both work, you deliver an outstanding presentation.If you both go to the party, your presentation is mediocre. If one parties and the other works, yourpresentation is above average. Partying increases happiness by 25 units. Working on the project addszero units to happiness. Happiness is also affected by your chance of a promotion, which is depends on howgood your project is. An outstanding presentation gives 40 units of happiness to each of you; an aboveaverage presentation gives 30 units of happiness; a mediocre presentation gives 10 units…Is it possible that Step. 3 contains a contradiction? As "If Player 1 plays Ball (B): Player 2 meets (M) if the expected payoff of meeting is greater than the expected payoff of avoiding." and then, "If Player 1 has Dinner (D): Player 2 meets (M) if the expected payoff of meeting is greater than the expected payoff of avoiding." The same arises in the one for player 2. Is for both the second sentence meant to be "smaller than"? If not, please elaborate.
- Exercise 6.1Suppose that two airlines decide to collude. Analyse the game between these two companies. Suppose that each of them can charge for tickets a high price or a low price. If one of them charges 100 euros, it gets few profits if the other also charges 100 euros and high profits if the other charges 200 euros. On the other hand, if the company charges 200 euros, it obtains very little profit if the other charges 100 euros and an average profit if the other also charges 200 euros. a) Represent the matrix of results of this game. b) What is the Nash equilibrium in this game? Explain your answer. c) Is there an outcome that would be better than the Nash equilibrium for the two airlines? How could it be achieved? Who would lose out if it were reached?(a) In the extensive form below, player 1 moves first, and player 3 moves last. (3) Note the two information sets including the nodes where player 3 moves: P1 L R P2 P2 A B P3 P3 d 2,3.2 2,1,1 3,0,4 3.4,0 3,1,1 Ennio Stacchetti December 17, 2021 (a) Find all subgame perfect equilibria in pure strategies. (b) Find a Nash equilibrium that is not a subgame perfect equilibrium.Solve the following games (a,b, and c) by using backward induction. Which one of the following statements is true? 1. In (a), Player 1 chooses B, then Player 2 chooses D, then Player 1 chooses E. 2. In (b), Player 1 chooses A, then Player 2 chooses D, then Player 1 chooses J. 3. In (c), Player 1 chooses O, game over. 4. None of the above.
- Subgames • • • At each node where a player makes a decision, we can think about the "subgame" starting at that node A subgame is the portion of the tree following a particular node How many subgames does our first sequential move example have? • How many subgames does our entry game have? • How many subgames does the game on the right have? • What are its Nash equilibria? Player 1 (1,4) T Player 2 U B (5,2) (3,3) р Player 1 D L 9 (2, 0) Player 2 R (6, 2)You like your job, but your boss gives lousy bonuses. You were recently offered a new job with better rewards and your friend wants to know if you intend to take it. You say, "It depends on whether the bonus this year is generous, Let's wait and see. We'll find out next week" The likely outcome of this game is your boss gives you a ousy :bonus and you ept the new job. If you want to stay at your current job and be better rewarded, you could improve your strategy if you: demand an increase in your bonus by a certain amount, but does not tel your boss about the job offer. adopt a dominant strategy to accept the other position and make this known to your boss. O tell the boss about the job offer you are prepared to take if your bonus structure does not increase by a certain amount. Cadopt a dominant strategy to stay at your current position and make this known to your boss.In Las Vegas, roulette is played on a wheel with 38 slots, of which 18 are black, 18 are red, and 2 are green (zero and double-zero). Your friend impulsively takes all $361 out of his pocket and bets it on black, which pays 1 for 1. This means that if the ball lands on one of the 18 black slots, he ends up with $722, and if it doesn't, he ends up with nothing. Once the croupier releases the ball, your friend panics; it turns out that the $361 he bet was literally all the money he has. While he is risk-averse - his utility function is u(x) =, where x is his roulette payoff - you are effectively risk neutral over such small stakes. a. When the ball is still spinning, what is the expected profit for the casino? b. When the ball is still spinning, what is the expected value of your friend's wealth? c. When the ball is still spinning, what is your friend's certainty equivalent (i.e., how much money would he accept with certainty to walk away from his bet). Say you propose the following…