Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
Fill in the boxes with the reactants, reagents, or products for each reaction. Underneath each reaction, propose a complete mechanism for the transformation.
![The image depicts a multi-step organic synthesis process. Below is a detailed transcription and explanation of the sequence, including the role of each reagent and the transformations involved.
### Starting Materials:
1. **Cyclopropyl alkyne**: This structure features a three-membered cyclopropyl ring attached to an alkyne group.
2. **Bromopropanol**: This molecule consists of a bromine atom attached to a propane chain, which also features an alcohol (OH) group.
### Reaction Steps:
1. **First Step: Deprotonation with Sodium Hydride (NaH)**
- NaH is used to deprotonate bromopropanol, forming a nucleophilic alkoxide ion.
2. **Second Step: Epoxide Formation**
- The nucleophilic alkoxide attacks the triple bond of the cyclopropyl alkyne, leading to the formation of an epoxide ring. Oxygen acts as the nucleophile in this step.
3. **Third Step: Protonation**
- An acid (H₃O⁺) is introduced to protonate the product, stabilizing it and completing the formation of the epoxide.
### Intermediate Product:
- At this stage, an epoxide compound is obtained, characterized by a three-membered ring containing an oxygen atom.
### Second Reaction:
1. **Phosphorus Trichloride (PCl₃) Treatment**
- The epoxide is further treated with PCl₃. This step typically results in the conversion of an epoxide to a chlorinated compound, although the exact structure of the product is not detailed here.
### Final Product:
- The reaction ultimately produces a chlorinated organic compound.
This synthesis route involves common organic transformations such as deprotonation, nucleophilic ring opening, and chlorination, illustrating key concepts in organic chemistry, such as reactivity of cyclopropanes and epoxides, as well as nucleophilic substitution.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F705433e3-4c82-46ae-9d96-d7e15bc3e592%2F5c179df6-5656-4a00-b68d-766692a3943c%2Fflvfs6p_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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