Part 2. How do automobile emissions contribute to air pollution? Car exhaust plays a major role in the formation of smog, a fog or haze that is combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants. Smog can cause or aggravate health problems such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory problems. We often see this brown haze covering our beautiful city of Los Angeles. Two of the main reactants in the formation of smog are nitrogen oxides, such as NO, and carbon- containing compounds, such as CO and partially burned hydrocarbons. What thermodynamic forces drive the formation of these smog precursors? The smog precursor nitric oxide (NO) is formed in automobile engines in the following reaction: N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) 2NO(g) Reaction 2 Another major contributor to smog formation, carbon monoxide (CO), is formed from carbon dioxide: 2CO2(g)2CO(g) + O₂(g) Reaction 3 Table 2. Standard Thermodynamic Properties (from OpenStax, Chemistry 2e) Substance Sº (J K-¹ mol-¹) AH (kJ mol-¹) 191.6 0 205.2 197.7 213.8 210.8 N2(g) 02(g) CO(g) 0 -110.52 -393.51 90.25 CO2(g) NO(g) We can relate AGº to the equilibrium constant: AG° = -RT In(K) where R = 8.314 J K¹ mol-¹ 1. Determine if the formation of NO(g) is spontaneous at 25°C by finding AG° (kJ mol¹). 2. Determine if the formation of CO(g) is spontaneous at 25°C by finding AG° (kJ mol'¹).
Part 2. How do automobile emissions contribute to air pollution? Car exhaust plays a major role in the formation of smog, a fog or haze that is combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants. Smog can cause or aggravate health problems such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory problems. We often see this brown haze covering our beautiful city of Los Angeles. Two of the main reactants in the formation of smog are nitrogen oxides, such as NO, and carbon- containing compounds, such as CO and partially burned hydrocarbons. What thermodynamic forces drive the formation of these smog precursors? The smog precursor nitric oxide (NO) is formed in automobile engines in the following reaction: N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) 2NO(g) Reaction 2 Another major contributor to smog formation, carbon monoxide (CO), is formed from carbon dioxide: 2CO2(g)2CO(g) + O₂(g) Reaction 3 Table 2. Standard Thermodynamic Properties (from OpenStax, Chemistry 2e) Substance Sº (J K-¹ mol-¹) AH (kJ mol-¹) 191.6 0 205.2 197.7 213.8 210.8 N2(g) 02(g) CO(g) 0 -110.52 -393.51 90.25 CO2(g) NO(g) We can relate AGº to the equilibrium constant: AG° = -RT In(K) where R = 8.314 J K¹ mol-¹ 1. Determine if the formation of NO(g) is spontaneous at 25°C by finding AG° (kJ mol¹). 2. Determine if the formation of CO(g) is spontaneous at 25°C by finding AG° (kJ mol'¹).
Chemistry
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ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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![**Part 2. How do automobile emissions contribute to air pollution?**
Car exhaust is a significant factor in the creation of smog, a fog or haze that contains smoke and various atmospheric pollutants. Smog can lead to or worsen health issues, such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory problems. This is often seen as a brown haze over cities like Los Angeles.
Two primary contributors to smog are nitrogen oxides (e.g., NO) and carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and partially burned hydrocarbons. The questions arise: What thermodynamic forces drive the formation of these smog precursors?
The smog precursor, nitric oxide (NO), is formed in automobile engines through the following reaction:
\[ \text{N}_2 (g) + \text{O}_2 (g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}(g) \]
_Reaction 2_
Another major contributor to smog formation, carbon monoxide (CO), is produced from carbon dioxide through the reaction:
\[ 2\text{CO}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{CO}(g) + \text{O}_2(g) \]
_Reaction 3_
**Table 2. Standard Thermodynamic Properties (from OpenStax, Chemistry 2e)**
| Substance | \( S^\circ \) (J K\(^{-1}\) mol\(^{-1}\)) | \( \Delta H^\circ_f \) (kJ mol\(^{-1}\)) |
|-----------|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| N\(_2\)(g) | 191.6 | 0 |
| O\(_2\)(g) | 205.2 | 0 |
| CO(g) | 197.7 | -110.52 |
| CO\(_2\)(g) | 213.8 | -393.51 |
| NO(g) | 210.8 | 90.25 |
The relation between \( \Delta G^\circ \) and the equilibrium constant is given by:
\[ \Delta G^\circ = -RT \ln(K) \]
where \( R = 8.314 \) J K\(^{-1}\) mol\(^{-1}\).
1. **Determine if the formation of NO(g](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb497b8c4-4d07-4c4c-ac55-469da516b240%2Fc17733c0-64e9-427e-bd4a-14d9edd4402e%2Fqqicd6a_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Part 2. How do automobile emissions contribute to air pollution?**
Car exhaust is a significant factor in the creation of smog, a fog or haze that contains smoke and various atmospheric pollutants. Smog can lead to or worsen health issues, such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory problems. This is often seen as a brown haze over cities like Los Angeles.
Two primary contributors to smog are nitrogen oxides (e.g., NO) and carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and partially burned hydrocarbons. The questions arise: What thermodynamic forces drive the formation of these smog precursors?
The smog precursor, nitric oxide (NO), is formed in automobile engines through the following reaction:
\[ \text{N}_2 (g) + \text{O}_2 (g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}(g) \]
_Reaction 2_
Another major contributor to smog formation, carbon monoxide (CO), is produced from carbon dioxide through the reaction:
\[ 2\text{CO}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{CO}(g) + \text{O}_2(g) \]
_Reaction 3_
**Table 2. Standard Thermodynamic Properties (from OpenStax, Chemistry 2e)**
| Substance | \( S^\circ \) (J K\(^{-1}\) mol\(^{-1}\)) | \( \Delta H^\circ_f \) (kJ mol\(^{-1}\)) |
|-----------|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| N\(_2\)(g) | 191.6 | 0 |
| O\(_2\)(g) | 205.2 | 0 |
| CO(g) | 197.7 | -110.52 |
| CO\(_2\)(g) | 213.8 | -393.51 |
| NO(g) | 210.8 | 90.25 |
The relation between \( \Delta G^\circ \) and the equilibrium constant is given by:
\[ \Delta G^\circ = -RT \ln(K) \]
where \( R = 8.314 \) J K\(^{-1}\) mol\(^{-1}\).
1. **Determine if the formation of NO(g
Transcribed Image Text:**3.** Calculate the equilibrium constants at 25°C for Reaction 2 and Reaction 3. How do these values support your conclusion regarding the spontaneity of these reactions at 25°C?
**4.** For most cars, the normal operating engine temperature is in a range of 91 to 104 degrees Celsius, but the electric arc (plasma) generated by the spark plug can reach temperatures of 10,000 °C which helps to trigger the combustion process. At what temperature (K) does reaction 2 become spontaneous? At what temperature (K) does reaction 3 become spontaneous? Are these temperatures possible in an automobile engine?
**5.** Why are NO and CO not formed under standard conditions, but form under the conditions found within an automobile engine? What other factor(s) should be considered that make the conditions in an engine non-standard?
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