11.Answer ALL parts of this question.(a) Heart diseases can be grouped into three major disorders. Give theirnames and describe one condition in particular that can be treated by theuse of cardiotonic steroids, referring to the pharmacological effects ofthose agents.(b) Cardioactive glycosides (CG) can be grouped into two categories. Namethose categories giving the structure of one example of CG in each (sugarresidues can be left as “sugar", no need to draw their structures). Labelthe structure to indicate their key features.(c) Explain the mode of action of cardioactive glycosides (CG), and why theifuse as therapeutic agents is limited, giving the generic name of the drugspreferred over (CG).

Heart diseases are caused by several underlying factors. The main reason for heart diseases are…

Answered: parns question. (a) Heart diseases can…

Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305441620

Author:WOODROW

Publisher:WOODROW

Chapter25: Cardiovascular Drugs

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 11CRQ

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10. Explain how the following factors affect heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and thus blood pressure. (†, ↓, or no change) (Hint-Use the concept map in your lecture notes!) Factor ↑ sympathetic activity (NE) Epinephrine Exercise ↑ parasympathetic activity (ACh) thyroid hormones HR SV CO BP ||||||
2) Laura felt sick at a party last night after taking 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), otherwise known as “ecstasy”. Despite drinking a lot of water, when she came home and went to sleep, she could not wake up the following morning. Out of concern, her friends brought her to a local hospital for evaluation. The ER doctor ordered a series of blood tests. The results are in the table. a. Write down some of your observations about Laura’s test results. b. MDMA may act as an anti-diuretic. Could this explain Laura’s test results? Why or why not? c. Why is Laura’s condition dangerous to her cells? d. Describe one way you could treat Laura’s condition.
1. Discuss the importance of atresia.
6. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A)The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+ B)Unlike skeletal muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to Ca2+ influx, not Na+ influx C)Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells D)After sodium influx through voltage gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolong influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. E)Like skeletal muscle cells, ventricular cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential primarily dependent on sodium.
2. List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in blood serum following a myocardial infarction.
24 II 1. Describe the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides, such as digitalis. 2. The shared mechanism of action between all antiarrhythmics is 3. List the mechanism and give several names of the following: Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV antiarrythmics. 4. Drugs such as nifedipine slow the heart rate. Nifedipine can be described as what type of drug? 5. Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, have what mechanism of action? Based on this mechanism of action, when would a nitrate be contraindicated? 6. Describe the mechanism of action of an ACE inhibitor. Based on this mechanism, when would ACE inhibitors be contraindicated? 2recus WO F10 64
Beta blockers are drugs that interfere with stimulation of organs by nerves of the sympathetic system. Would these drugs be useful in treating excessively high blood pressure or excessively low blood pressure?
1. a patient with iron deficiency anemia experiences shortness of breath, weakness, and has pale skin. Explain why anemic people experience and share the same symptoms. 2.A pacemaker is a small device that is in place in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. This device uses an electrical pulse to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. Who are the patients greatly in need of this procedure of having a pacemaker built in their chest? and why?
3. Draw the chart, demonstrating the mechanisms action of epinephrine on target cells (the typical cardiomyocytes of heart ventricles).
Drugs that Affect the Cardiovascular System A) Mention the considerations that must be taken when administering the different types of Nitroglycerin: a. sublingual b. disc (patches) transdermal c. intravenous
4. Hypertension: The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex. Factors that play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension include genetics, activation of neurohormonal systems such as the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, abnormalities of resistance vessels, obesity, and increased dietary salt intake. Drugs used to treat hypertension target pathways and receptors linked to many of these pathogenic factors. Four classes of antihypertensive drugs were discussed in lecture. (1) Name these four classes. (2) name a drug in each class (3) describe that drug’s mechanism of action. (answer in details and citation)
7. Also on the diagram below, write a "C" in to indicate the vessel codeine would use to enter the liver from the intestine. a. Write an "M" in the location where the codeine would be converted to morphine. b. Draw one or more arrows to show the path the codeine (and later morphine) would take to get into wider circulation around the body. Hepatic vein Carries blood into heart Hepatocytes Sites of many chernical reactions in the liver Canaliculus Drains bile into bile duct Arteriole- Carries oxygenated blood Hepatic portal vein- Bile duct Carries blood and Drains bile into nutrient from ileum gall bladder

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parns question. (a) Heart diseases can be grouped into three major disorders. Give their names and describe one condition in particular that can be treated by the use of cardiotonic steroids, referring to the pharmacological effects of those agents.