Parasites can move between hosts either by horizontal or vertical transmission. Why might those parasites that employhorizontal transmission be more impacted by environmental stochasticity?Host defenses may be impacted by environmental conditions.Pathogenicity may be impacted by environmental conditions.Vectors may be affected by environmental conditions.Vertical transmission requires a vector.

The relationship between two organisms wherein one organism (the parasite) thrives at the cost of the other, the host, is called parasitism.Random or unpredictable variation in the environment, such as annual variation in climate and natural disasters having a direct influence on average birth and death rates within the population, is referred to as environmental stochasticity.The mode of transmission, which begins when an infected person reproduces or gives birth to progeny or offspring that further harbor the infection, is called vertical transmission. On the other side, horizontal transmission is characterized by the movement of a parasite from an infectious to a non-infectious environment in a host or an individual via an infectious particle or direct contact. The two different environmental states can modify parasite virulence, host immune responses or host defenses, and host-parasite interactions. Thus, the parasites that transmit horizontally have long development and low reproductive success. Hence, option (A) is correct.

Science

Anatomy and Physiology

Parasites can move between hosts either by horizontal or vertical transmission. Why might those parasites that employ horizontal transmission be more impacted by environmental stochasticity? O Host defenses may be impacted by environmental conditions. O Pathogenicity may be impacted by environmental conditions. O Vectors may be affected by environmental conditions. O Vertical transmission requires a vector.

Parasites can move between hosts either by horizontal or vertical transmission. Why might those parasites that employ horizontal transmission be more impacted by environmental stochasticity? O Host defenses may be impacted by environmental conditions. O Pathogenicity may be impacted by environmental conditions. O Vectors may be affected by environmental conditions. O Vertical transmission requires a vector.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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