Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Draw the major product to each of the following reactions.
### Reaction q
- **Substrate**: An alkyne with a methyl-substituent
- **Reagent**: Br₂
In this reaction, an alkyne with a substituent undergoes halogenation with bromine (Br₂). The bromine adds across the triple bond of the alkyne. This reaction usually results in the formation of a dibromoalkene initially, but further addition can lead to the tetrahalo product if an excess of halogen is used.
### Mechanism and Detailed Steps
1. **First Addition**: The initial addition of halogen breaks the triple bond partially. This step forms a dihaloalkene.
2. **Second Addition (Excess Halogen)**: With excess halogen, the remaining double bond undergoes further halogenation, leading to a fully saturated tetrahaloalkane.
### Diagram Explanation
The provided diagrams illustrate the starting alkynes and the reagents involved in their halogenation reactions. The first diagram ("p") shows a simple alkyne undergoing chlorination with excess chlorine. The second diagram ("q") shows an alkyne with a substituent undergoing bromination.
Understanding halogenation reactions of alkynes is crucial for organic synthesis, as these transformations are widely used in preparing halogenated organics, which serve as intermediates for various organic compounds.
### Educational Note
These reactions demonstrate the reactivity of alkynes toward halogens. The principles learned here are fundamental to organic chemistry and useful for both academic studies and practical applications in chemical industries.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fd859d598-50bb-4ccc-a26f-3606b98e6f85%2F095d8328-6bd1-460a-8a35-599cadd46a0a%2Ffgly2o5_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Halogenation Reactions of Alkynes**
In this educational section, we will explore the halogenation reactions of alkynes, specifically focusing on reactions involving chlorine (Cl₂) and bromine (Br₂).
### Reaction p
- **Substrate**: An alkyne (ethyne)
- **Reagent**: Cl₂ (excess)
In this reaction, an alkyne undergoes halogenation with excess chlorine (Cl₂). Halogenation of alkynes typically involves the addition of halogen atoms across the triple bond, resulting in the formation of a tetrahaloalkane (in case of excess halogen), where the triple bond is entirely saturated with halides.
### Reaction q
- **Substrate**: An alkyne with a methyl-substituent
- **Reagent**: Br₂
In this reaction, an alkyne with a substituent undergoes halogenation with bromine (Br₂). The bromine adds across the triple bond of the alkyne. This reaction usually results in the formation of a dibromoalkene initially, but further addition can lead to the tetrahalo product if an excess of halogen is used.
### Mechanism and Detailed Steps
1. **First Addition**: The initial addition of halogen breaks the triple bond partially. This step forms a dihaloalkene.
2. **Second Addition (Excess Halogen)**: With excess halogen, the remaining double bond undergoes further halogenation, leading to a fully saturated tetrahaloalkane.
### Diagram Explanation
The provided diagrams illustrate the starting alkynes and the reagents involved in their halogenation reactions. The first diagram ("p") shows a simple alkyne undergoing chlorination with excess chlorine. The second diagram ("q") shows an alkyne with a substituent undergoing bromination.
Understanding halogenation reactions of alkynes is crucial for organic synthesis, as these transformations are widely used in preparing halogenated organics, which serve as intermediates for various organic compounds.
### Educational Note
These reactions demonstrate the reactivity of alkynes toward halogens. The principles learned here are fundamental to organic chemistry and useful for both academic studies and practical applications in chemical industries.
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