Oxidative phosphorylation is achieved through chemiosmotic coupling, which turns chemical energy into osmotic potential energy that is used to synthesize the energy “currency” of the cell (ATP). This process is divided into stage 1 (electron transport chain) and stage 2 (ATP synthase). Answer the following questions about each stage: In stage 1, what is the energy source used to form the proton gradient across the inner membrane and what is the principal carrier of this energy source? In stage 2, the total potential energy (proton-motive force) stored in the proton gradient used to power ATP synthase is composed of two components. What are these two components?

Q: Bile is necessary for what process?     production of HDL…

A: The question is asking about the role of bile in the human body. Bile is a fluid that is produced by…

Q: Write the complete reactions in the ELectron Transport Chain

A: The electrons passing through the electron transport chain gradually lose energy, High-energy…

Q: What acts as the final electron acceptor in anaerobic cellular respiration

A: In cellular respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Oxygen accepts the electrons after…

Q: Certain complexes of the respiratory electron transport chain pump protons. Which of the following…

A: The movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane plays a pivotal role in the process…

Q: In which direction do protons move through ATP synthase? a. from the intermembrane space to…

A: The direction do protons move through ATP synthase has to be choosen

Q: O [H]

A:

Q: What amino acid is obtained from the reductive amination of the following metabolic intermediates in…

A: On  reductive amination oxaloacetic acid gives L-Aspartic acid

Q: Pyruvate CoA NAD+ → acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+

A: answer is given below.Explanation:This reaction is a key step in cellular respiration known as the…

Q: What is the main component of the cell membrane? waxes O steroids O phospholipids prostaglandins O…

A:

Q: What amino acid is obtained from the reductive amination of the following metabolic intermediates in…

A: Introduction: Pyruvic acid can be used to synthesize amino acids. In a reductive amination process,…

Q: The organelle that is considered to be the energy producing factory of the cell is called the:…

A: mitochondria are known as powerhouse of the cell they are organelles that act like a digestive…

Q: Electrons from _____ enter the electron transport chain where they drive the ________ of ADP to ATP.…

A: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain (ETC) to drive the phosphorylation…

Q: How many moles of ATP are obtained from the catabolism of 5g of a triglyceride made of a C16 fatty…

A:

Q: How many molecules of ATP are obtained from complete (including the fourth stage of catabolism)…

A: First the glycoside linkages in glucose are hydrolyzed, there will be no ATP generation in this…

Q: Indicate whether each of the following characteristics refers to either oxidation or reduction in…

A: A redox reaction is always accompanied by an oxidation and a reduction reaction. In metabolic…

Q: water soluble vitamins and one function for each vitamin

A: Vitamin – vitamin is a nutrient that is necessary for our body to develop and function. Although it…

Q: 9. Which mobile electron carrier transfers electrons from complex II to complex III? a. CoQ b. CoA…

A: The mobile electron carrier transfers electrons from complex II to complex III is :

Q: What happened to the Pyruvate produced during glycolysis?

A: Pyruvate produced after glycolysis undergoes oxidation to acquire energy as ATP. This oxidation of…

Q: Which of the following hormones inhibits the breakdown of lipids? cholesterol progesterone…

A: Insulin inhibits the breakdown of lipids and protein synthesis . Insulin stimulates stimulate amino…

Q: Each proton that moves across the membrane releases about 14 kJ/mol of energy. Given that ATP…

A: Given: Energy released by proton = 14 KJ/mol. And the amount of energy required to produce ATP =…

Q: Glucagon secretion increases (A) After a carbohydrate-rich meal (B) After a fat-rich meal (C) When…

A: we need to select the correct statement for glucagon secretion

Q: During electron transport, H+ are repeatedly pumped across a membrane. (a) How do they get back…

A: Electron transport chain is a group of protons that are redox couples. These are present in…

Q: Lipids are broken down by bile and digestive enzymes before absorption into the body. Where does…

A: To solve this problem we have to know about the digestion and absorption of Lipids in human body .

Q: What disease is indicated by a high glucose concentration in the urine?

A: The high levels of glucose in the urine causes diabetes. Diabetes is a group of diseases that…

Q: What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A: Endocrine glands - The organs that makes hormones that are released directly into the blood and…

Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.

Glucogenesis

Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general  definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,