Orange: Below is a sequence alignment with fixed differences for species A-D. Create a pairwise genetic distance matrix, and construct a neighbor-joining tree where clades are represented by parentheses. In parentheses, always list the species alphabetically, like (AB)C)D)E)F) 1 A G BTC CGT 2 T 3 4 5 6 7 тттC A ATCCTG 8 9 G 10 G A GG GTA CAT GG D GT G G T TG TAC

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.