One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall, performance is better when the list contains words that are used less frequently (frequency effect) performance is better when the list contains words that are similar in sound (phonological similarity effect) performance is worse when the list contains words that have more syllables (word length effect) performance is worse when the list contains words that are similar in meaning (semantic similarity effect)

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