### Mechanism of Alcohol DehydrationAlcohol dehydration is an important reaction in organic chemistry where an alcohol is converted into an alkene upon treatment with an acid and heat. Below is a step-by-step mechanism illustrating this process.#### Step 1: Protonation of the AlcoholThe given alcohol structure undergoes protonation by hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) upon heating:![Alcohol Protonation](Insert Picture of Protonation)The lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom of the alcohol captures a proton (H⁺), leading to the formation of a protonated alcohol intermediate.This intermediate readily loses water, represented by the dissociation arrow.#### Step 2: Formation of a Carbocation IntermediateThe departing water molecule leaves behind a carbocation intermediate:![Carbocation Intermediate](Insert Picture of the Carbocation)NOTE: The structure of the intermediate must be drawn in the provided "Select to Draw Intermediate" box.#### Step 3: 1,2-Hydride ShiftA hydride shift occurs to stabilize the carbocation. In this case, a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon moves to the carbocation, resulting in a more stable secondary carbocation:![Hydride Shift](Insert Picture of Hydride Shift)NOTE: The structure of the intermediate must be drawn in the provided "Select to Draw Intermediate" box.#### Step 4: Elimination to Form the AlkeneThe final step involves the elimination of a proton (H⁺) from the β-carbon (any carbon adjacent to the carbocation) to form a double bond, resulting in the production of the desired alkene:![Alkene Formation](Insert Picture of Final Product)NOTE: The structure of the alkene must be drawn in the provided "Select to Draw" box.### Summary1. **Protonation**: The alcohol is protonated by H₃O⁺ under heat to form a protonated alcohol.2. **Dissociation**: The protonated alcohol loses water, forming a carbocation.3. **1,2-Hydride Shift**: A hydride shift occurs to stabilize the carbocation.4. **Elimination**: The final product, an alkene, is formed by the elimination of a proton.This mechanism shows the transformation of an alcohol to an alkene through intermediate steps, illustrating important concepts in carbocation stability and rearrangement. ### E1 Mechanism: Missing Reactants/IntermediatesIn this exercise, you are to draw the missing reactants or intermediates in the given E1 (unimolecular elimination) mechanism. Ensure to include all lone pairs and ignore byproducts and stereochemistry.#### Step-by-Step Explanation1. **Protonation of Alcohol Group:** - **Diagram:** - Start with the reactant, a tert-butyl alcohol structure with a lone pair on the hydroxyl group (OH). - The lone pair on oxygen attacks a proton (H+), indicating the formation of a water molecule. - **Conditions:** - Reactant: tert-Butyl alcohol - Reagent: H3O+ (Hydronium ion - a source of H+) - Heat2. **Formation of Carbocation:** - **Diagram:** - After protonation, water (a good leaving group) dissociates, leaving behind a carbocation. - This carbocation is shown with a positive charge on the central carbon atom that originally bonded to the OH group. - **Process:** - Dissociation occurs after heating, resulting in the loss of water and the creation of the carbocation intermediate.3. **1,2-Hydride Shift:** - **Diagram:** - A hydride shift (movement of a hydrogen atom along with a pair of electrons) from an adjacent carbon atom to the carbocation center occurs. - This creates a more stable carbocation due to increased alkyl substitution. - **Step:** - The intermediate shows the hydride shifting to balance the positive charge.4. **Elimination to Form Alkene:** - **Final Step:** - Elimination occurs whereby a β-hydrogen is removed, and a double bond forms between the carbons. - The final product is an alkene (unspecified here, but typically an extended carbon chain with a C=C bond).#### Visual Explanation- **Step 1:** - The image shows tert-butyl alcohol with a hydroxyl group, with lone pairs interacting with a proton (H+). - A curved arrow indicates the electron movement from oxygen to hydrogen.- **Step 2:** - After the dissociation, a dashed box prompts you to draw the intermediate carbocation.- **Step 3:** -

E1 mechanism makes carbocation as an intermediate. Followed by formation of a stable double bond.

Answered: :OH H+ terk elimination Q H3O+ heat…

:OH H+ terk elimination Q H3O+ heat 1,2-hydride shift Select to Draw Intermediate dissociation Select to Draw Intermediate I

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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