Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants use the temperature difference in the ocean (80°F at the surface and 40°F at 2000 ft. depth) in a Rankine cycle to generate electricity. Ammonia is the working fluid. Ammonia is boiled using the 80°F surface water, and condensed against the 40°F deep water, which is pumped to the surface. Very large heat exchangers are required, due to the small LMTDs and the low plant thermal efficiency (2.5%). The heat exchangers will comprise 40 % of the plant cost. In order to reduce the condenser cost, we will evaluate the condenser tube material savings provided by the use of a vertical fluted "Gregorig" condensing surface. The reference smooth tube condenser design uses 1.0 in. I.D. aluminum tubes, 0.062 in. wall x 30 ft. long. Sea water flows on the tube-side at 8 ft/sec. Ammonia condenses at 50°F on the outer surface of the vertical tubes with 4Tvs = 4°F. The ammonia properties at 48°F are: p= 39.1 lbm/ft³, k₁= 0.307 Btu/hr-ft- °F, и 1.426 × 102 ft²/hr, o= 1.624 x 10-3 lbF/ft, λ = 527.3 Btu/lbm. a) Use the Gregorig profile (= 2, which gives 8= const) and calculate the condensation coefficient based on the inside tube surface area. Use Om = π/2 and B=p/2Sm = 0.49. The concave drainage channel is sized in accordance with Eq. (19) (Webb, "A Generalized Procedure...", Journ. Heat Trans., Vol. 101, 335-339, 1979): 74/3 d=8BS opt where Sopt = F₁ 5ph b) Calculate the condensation coefficient on the smooth tube (based on inside surface area), and then calculate the enhancement ratio. If the condensate film on the smooth surface is turbulent, calculate hs from Colburn's relation: ReL L² 1/3 where ReL is the condensate film Reynolds number at the base of the vertical tube 4m πDμ = = 0.0077 Re0.4 using m = q/2 = hsAoATvs /2, you can iteratively solve for h Evaluate the enhanced geometry by calculating: 1. The geometry of the enhanced surface, Sm, ro and d. 2. ho/hop and L/Lp, for the same UA where subscript "p" refers to the plain tube. For calculation of L/UA, neglect the wall resistance and use the Petuknov equation for the tube-side heat transfer coefficient. 3. V/V, (the tube material volume ratio).

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants use the temperature difference in the ocean (80°F at the surface and 40°F at 2000 ft. depth) in a Rankine cycle to generate electricity. Ammonia is the working fluid. Ammonia is boiled using the 80°F surface water, and condensed against the 40°F deep water, which is pumped to the surface. Very large heat exchangers are required, due to the small LMTDs and the low plant thermal efficiency (2.5%). The heat exchangers will comprise 40 % of the plant cost. In order to reduce the condenser cost, we will evaluate the condenser tube material savings provided by the use of a vertical fluted "Gregorig" condensing surface. The reference smooth tube condenser design uses 1.0 in. I.D. aluminum tubes, 0.062 in. wall x 30 ft. long. Sea water flows on the tube-side at 8 ft/sec. Ammonia condenses at 50°F on the outer surface of the vertical tubes with 4Tvs = 4°F. The ammonia properties at 48°F are: p= 39.1 lbm/ft³, k₁= 0.307 Btu/hr-ft- °F, и 1.426 × 102 ft²/hr, o= 1.624 x 10-3 lbF/ft, λ = 527.3 Btu/lbm. a) Use the Gregorig profile (= 2, which gives 8= const) and calculate the condensation coefficient based on the inside tube surface area. Use Om = π/2 and B=p/2Sm = 0.49. The concave drainage channel is sized in accordance with Eq. (19) (Webb, "A Generalized Procedure...", Journ. Heat Trans., Vol. 101, 335-339, 1979): 74/3 d=8BS opt where Sopt = F₁ 5ph b) Calculate the condensation coefficient on the smooth tube (based on inside surface area), and then calculate the enhancement ratio. If the condensate film on the smooth surface is turbulent, calculate hs from Colburn's relation: ReL L² 1/3 where ReL is the condensate film Reynolds number at the base of the vertical tube 4m πDμ = = 0.0077 Re0.4 using m = q/2 = hsAoATvs /2, you can iteratively solve for h Evaluate the enhanced geometry by calculating: 1. The geometry of the enhanced surface, Sm, ro and d. 2. ho/hop and L/Lp, for the same UA where subscript "p" refers to the plain tube. For calculation of L/UA, neglect the wall resistance and use the Petuknov equation for the tube-side heat transfer coefficient. 3. V/V, (the tube material volume ratio).

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

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Transcribed Image Text:Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants use the temperature difference in the ocean (80°F at the surface and 40°F at 2000 ft. depth) in a Rankine cycle to generate electricity. Ammonia is the working fluid. Ammonia is boiled using the 80°F surface water, and condensed against the 40°F deep water, which is pumped to the surface. Very large heat exchangers are required, due to the small LMTDs and the low plant thermal efficiency (2.5%). The heat exchangers will comprise 40 % of the plant cost. In order to reduce the condenser cost, we will evaluate the condenser tube material savings provided by the use of a vertical fluted "Gregorig" condensing surface. The reference smooth tube condenser design uses 1.0 in. I.D. aluminum tubes, 0.062 in. wall x 30 ft. long. Sea water flows on the tube-side at 8 ft/sec. Ammonia condenses at 50°F on the outer surface of the vertical tubes with 4Tvs = 4°F. The ammonia properties at 48°F are: p= 39.1 lbm/ft³, k₁= 0.307 Btu/hr-ft- °F, и 1.426 × 10-2 ft²/hr, o 1.624 x 10-³ lbF/ft, 2 = 527.3 Btu/lbm. a) Use the Gregorig profile (= 2, which gives S= const) and calculate the condensation coefficient based on the inside tube surface area. Use Om = π/2 and ß=p/2Sm = 0.49. The concave drainage channel is sized in accordance with Eq. (19) (Webb, "A Generalized Procedure...", Journ. Heat Trans., Vol. 101, 335-339, 1979): 14/3 d=8pS where S opt opt F 5ph b) Calculate the condensation coefficient on the smooth tube (based on inside surface area), and then calculate the enhancement ratio. If the condensate film on the smooth surface is turbulent, calculate hs from Colburn's relation: REL V² h where ReL is the condensate film Reynolds number at the base of the vertical tube 4m πDμ 1/3 = = 0.0077 Re using mq/2 = hsAoATvs /2, you can iteratively solve for h Evaluate the enhanced geometry by calculating: 1. The geometry of the enhanced surface, Sm, ro and d. 2. ho/ho,p and L/Lp, for the same UA where subscript "p" refers to the plain tube. For calculation of L/UA, neglect the wall resistance and use the Petuknov equation for the tube-side heat transfer coefficient. 3. V/V, (the tube material volume ratio). 4. Draw conclusions. Neglect the ammonia vapor density compared to its liquid density. Assume that the sea water properties can be approximated by water properties at the same temperature. Ans: hb,o=9,078, h₁ = 1,322 Btu/hr-ft2-°F, L = 11.3 ft, Sopt = 0.01263 in.

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