Answered: need help solving this : In humans, the…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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I need help solving this : In humans, the X chromosome is large in comparison to the Y chromosome. The X chromosome carries information for many traits that aren't related to the sex of the individual. Alleles carried only by the X chromosome are said to be X-linked (or some-times, sex-linked). Some of the alleles on the tiny Y chromosome appear to have no counterparts on X. These Y-linked alleles code for traits that are found only in males. Among the X-linked traits are a number of recessive genetic disorders. One of these is hemophilia, the inability to produce proteins necessary for blood clotting. Hemophiliacs can bleed to death from relatively minor cuts or bruises. Historical records dating back thousands of years mention the inheritance pattern of hemophilia. Among the ancient Hebrews, sons born to women with a family history of hemophilia were excused from circumcision. Hemophilia was common during the 1800s in the royal families of Europe, whose members often intermarried. Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of the trait. She had one X chromosome with the allele for normal blood clotting (X) and the other with the defective allele (Xh). Because she did have one normal dominant allele, her blood clotted normally. Her husband, Prince Albert, was completely normal for this trait. He had one normal allele on the X chromosome (X) and a Y chromosome with no allele related to blood clotting (Y°). Eighteen of Queen Victoria's 69 descendants were carrier females or hemophiliac males. Crown Prince Alexis of Russia was one of these hemophiliac descendants. His affliction indirectly contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia. Complete this Punnett square for the marriage of Victoria and Albert.

1. Complete this Punnett square for the marriage of Victoria and Albert.
Prince
Albert
XH
HbsHbs
2.
yo
Queen Victoria
Sickle-cell anemia, a blood disorder affecting transport of oxygen by hemoglobin, is
a serious medical condition. The sickled cells carry less oxygen than normal red blood
cells and also block capillaries, depriving the tissues of the oxygen they need. Individu-
als with sickle-cell anemia frequently die at a relatively early age.
Xh
Individuals with sickle-cell trait are usually healthy but experience some problems
with intense exercise or under low-oxygen conditions. In the United States, sickle-cell
trait affects 1 out of 12 African Americans.
The following is a summary of the possible sickle-cell genotypes and phenotypes:
HbAHBA
completely normal
Hb^Hbs
sickle-cell trait (this person has a combination of normal
hemoglobin and the abnormal, sickled form of hemoglobin)
sickle-cell anemia (all abnormal hemoglobin)
Sickle-cell disease is quite common in countries that have a high incidence of malaria.
Work the following problems to determine the probabilities for inheritance of the sickle
cell allele, and in Activity 4, you'll determine why a relationship exists between sickle
cell disease and malaria.
1. If both parents are heterozygous for sickle-cell disease, what are the possible geno-
types and phenotypes for their children?
What is the probability of a couple having a child with sickle-cell trait if one parent
is normal and the other has sickle-cell trait?

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Step 1: Explaining about X linked disease like hemophilia

Hemophilia is an X linked recessive disease. This means that mutation in 2X chromosomes in females and in one X chromosomes in males would result in the disease

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