NaOH, H₂O, heat

Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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What would the major product be

The image depicts a chemical reaction, specifically the hydrolysis of a cyclic ester, known as lactone. The starting compound is a six-membered cyclic ester, specifically 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione.

### Reaction Details:

- **Reactant:** The structure on the left is a cyclic ester featuring a six-membered ring with two ester groups (carbonyl connected to an ether linkage) opposite each other.

- **Reagents:** 
  - **NaOH:** Sodium hydroxide, a strong base.
  - **H₂O:** Water, as a solvent.
  - **Heat:** Indicates that the reaction requires an elevated temperature to proceed.

### Expected Reaction:

The presence of NaOH, water, and heat suggests that the cyclic ester will undergo a base-catalyzed hydrolysis. This reaction typically results in the opening of the lactone ring to produce a linear diacid or its sodium salt, depending on the conditions and stoichiometry.

The process involves the nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon by hydroxide ions (OH⁻), leading to the breakage of the carbon-oxygen bond in the ester group, and ultimately forming a carboxylate salt.

This type of reaction is a classic example of ester saponification, applied here to a cyclic ester. Understanding this mechanism is fundamental in organic chemistry, as it illustrates the interplay of nucleophiles and electrophiles and the influence of reaction conditions on chemical transformations.
Transcribed Image Text:The image depicts a chemical reaction, specifically the hydrolysis of a cyclic ester, known as lactone. The starting compound is a six-membered cyclic ester, specifically 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. ### Reaction Details: - **Reactant:** The structure on the left is a cyclic ester featuring a six-membered ring with two ester groups (carbonyl connected to an ether linkage) opposite each other. - **Reagents:** - **NaOH:** Sodium hydroxide, a strong base. - **H₂O:** Water, as a solvent. - **Heat:** Indicates that the reaction requires an elevated temperature to proceed. ### Expected Reaction: The presence of NaOH, water, and heat suggests that the cyclic ester will undergo a base-catalyzed hydrolysis. This reaction typically results in the opening of the lactone ring to produce a linear diacid or its sodium salt, depending on the conditions and stoichiometry. The process involves the nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon by hydroxide ions (OH⁻), leading to the breakage of the carbon-oxygen bond in the ester group, and ultimately forming a carboxylate salt. This type of reaction is a classic example of ester saponification, applied here to a cyclic ester. Understanding this mechanism is fundamental in organic chemistry, as it illustrates the interplay of nucleophiles and electrophiles and the influence of reaction conditions on chemical transformations.
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Given is organic reaction.

In which reactant is lactone i.e. cyclic ester.

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