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name the three ways in which an ion channel can be gated.
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- Define the term ligand-gated ion channels?There are two types of gated ion channels. Name the 2 types and provide a description of how they worktaw a graph representing the changes in membrane potential across the axonal membrane before, during, and after an action potential, On your graph, use a highlighter to clearly indicate for which portions of your graph the letter corresponding to each cellular event listed below belongs. List of cellular events: A) All K* channels open B) All Nat channels close C) The Na*/K* ATPase cotransporter transports Nat and K* across the membrane. D) All Na* channels open E) The threshold value of membrane potential is attained. F) All K* channels close G) Some Nat channels open Your graph: o pe cffecton
- What is the difference between a ligand-gated channel (like H1 or the AChR) and a voltage gated channel?a) Explain in detail what is occurring at stage A in the graph. (Be specific in terms of what's happening to the ion channels in your explanation if necessary!) b) What does this graph represent as a whole? Explain the main idea it portrays. +40| -70- A 1 2 4 Time/ms Potential Difference/mV BSeparately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item (a, b, c, or d) best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of +20 mV? Upwards arrows means outward direction and downwards arrow means inward direction. The length of the arrow determines the magnitude.
- Describe two mechanisms by which ion channels are gatedIon channels, such as the K+ channel, can have open and closed forms that respond to membrane potential. In addition, an amino-terminal domain, called the inactivation domain or inactivation gate, can block the channel. This is called the ball and chain model of channel inactivation. Identify the statements that correctly describe the ball and chain model. The inactivation gate can only inactivate a channel that has closed in response to depolarization. A shorter tether or chain peptide strand attached to the inactivation domain would increase the time required to inactivate the K+ channel. A mutation causing the loss of the inactivation gate in K+ channels could result in a membrane that undergoes repolarization more slowly. After depolarization and channel opening, the inactivation gate soon occludes the open channel.Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of +20 mV?