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Name Class Organic Lab 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed of only two elements: hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes. In every alkane, carbons share four pairs of electrons with four other carbons and/or hydrogens. We will build a number of simple ålkanes, examine their structure, and represent them in two and three dimensions. We will also learn how to name alkanes. Materials Each group has a set of molecular models. Notice that the different spheres have different numbers of holes: White (representing Hydrogen) hole(s) Black (representing Carbon) hole(s) The grey sticks represent a pair of shared electrons. The sharėd pair is also known as a chemical bond, or more specifically, a covalent bond. The word "covalent" refers to the valence electrons, which are the electrons that are available for making bonds. How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many valence electrons does hydrogen have? The electrons are the “glue" that holds the molecule together. How are the holes related to the valence electrons? A reference table is provided to help you name the alkanes you create. Methods 1. Take a carbon atom and connect four hydrogen atoms. Draw a three- dimensional sketch of what you see and a two-dimensional structural formula on the following page using the chemical symbols C and H instead of spheres. What kind of shape is this molecule?

Name Class Organic Lab 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed of only two elements: hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes. In every alkane, carbons share four pairs of electrons with four other carbons and/or hydrogens. We will build a number of simple ålkanes, examine their structure, and represent them in two and three dimensions. We will also learn how to name alkanes. Materials Each group has a set of molecular models. Notice that the different spheres have different numbers of holes: White (representing Hydrogen) hole(s) Black (representing Carbon) hole(s) The grey sticks represent a pair of shared electrons. The sharėd pair is also known as a chemical bond, or more specifically, a covalent bond. The word "covalent" refers to the valence electrons, which are the electrons that are available for making bonds. How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many valence electrons does hydrogen have? The electrons are the “glue" that holds the molecule together. How are the holes related to the valence electrons? A reference table is provided to help you name the alkanes you create. Methods 1. Take a carbon atom and connect four hydrogen atoms. Draw a three- dimensional sketch of what you see and a two-dimensional structural formula on the following page using the chemical symbols C and H instead of spheres. What kind of shape is this molecule?

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ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Name Class Organic Lab 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed of only two elements: hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes. In'every alkane, carbons share four pairs of electrons with four other carbons and/or hydrogens. We will build a number of simple àlkanes, examine their structure, and represent them in two and three dimensions. We will also learn how to name alkanes." Materials Each group has a set of molecular models. Notice that the different spheres have different numbers of holes: White (representing Hydrogen) hole(s) Black (representing Carbon) hole(s) The grey sticks represent a pair of shared electrons. The sharėd pair is also known as a chemical bond, or more specifically, a covalent bond. The word "covalent" refers to the valence electrons, which are the electrons that are available for making bonds. How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many valence electrons does hydrogen have? The electrons are the "glue" that holds the molecule together. How are the holes related to the valence electrons? A reference table is provided to help you name the alkanes you create. Methods 1. Take a carbon atom and connect four hydrogen atoms. Draw a three- dimensional sketch of what you see and a two-dimensional structural formula on the following page using the chemical symbols C and H instead of spheres. What kind of shape is this molecule?
Transcribed Image Text:Name Class Organic Lab 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed of only two elements: hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes. In'every alkane, carbons share four pairs of electrons with four other carbons and/or hydrogens. We will build a number of simple àlkanes, examine their structure, and represent them in two and three dimensions. We will also learn how to name alkanes." Materials Each group has a set of molecular models. Notice that the different spheres have different numbers of holes: White (representing Hydrogen) hole(s) Black (representing Carbon) hole(s) The grey sticks represent a pair of shared electrons. The sharėd pair is also known as a chemical bond, or more specifically, a covalent bond. The word "covalent" refers to the valence electrons, which are the electrons that are available for making bonds. How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many valence electrons does hydrogen have? The electrons are the "glue" that holds the molecule together. How are the holes related to the valence electrons? A reference table is provided to help you name the alkanes you create. Methods 1. Take a carbon atom and connect four hydrogen atoms. Draw a three- dimensional sketch of what you see and a two-dimensional structural formula on the following page using the chemical symbols C and H instead of spheres. What kind of shape is this molecule?
3. Pull apart your molecule and add a -CH2- group (methylene group). Draw its structural formula, name the compound, and write its chemical formula. Compound name Chemical Formula Structural Formula 4. Repeat the last procedure by adding a methylene group to your alkane. Compound name Formula 5. Rearrange the atoms in molecule 4 to make a new molecule with a completely different shape. Draw its structural formula on the following page. Compounds 4 and 5 are isomers – they have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. They also have somewhat different chemical and physical properties. For example, compound 4 boils at 0.5°C, while compound 5 has a boiling point of -10.2°C. Which compound has the strongest attractive forces between molecules?
Transcribed Image Text:3. Pull apart your molecule and add a -CH2- group (methylene group). Draw its structural formula, name the compound, and write its chemical formula. Compound name Chemical Formula Structural Formula 4. Repeat the last procedure by adding a methylene group to your alkane. Compound name Formula 5. Rearrange the atoms in molecule 4 to make a new molecule with a completely different shape. Draw its structural formula on the following page. Compounds 4 and 5 are isomers – they have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. They also have somewhat different chemical and physical properties. For example, compound 4 boils at 0.5°C, while compound 5 has a boiling point of -10.2°C. Which compound has the strongest attractive forces between molecules?
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