n a study of the effects of type of study on exam performance, participants are randomly assigned performance, participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. in one condition, participants study alone using notes from class lectures. The amount of time spent studying is held constant. All students then take the same exam on the material. a. What is the independent variable in this study? b. What is the dependent variable in this study? c. Identify the independent variable manipulated or participant variable? d. Is the independent variable manipulated or a participant variable?

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