Heavy Alcohol Consumption Cases Controls Yes 50 50 No 75 150 Based on the brief explanation given at the beginning of this problem, do you think gender is a confounder in this study? Explain your reasoning. Based on the brief explanation given at the beginning of this problem, do you think gender is an effect measure modifier in this study? Explain your reasoning.
Effect measure modification occurs when the strength of an association varies according to the level of a third variable which is called an effect measure modifier. Confounding is the distortion of the association between an outcome of interest and an exposure because an important third variable has not been accounted for; this third variable is called a confounder.
The association between heavy alcohol consumption and the risk of oral cancer was investigated in a case-control study with 475 cases and 400 controls. The following results were seen:
|
Heavy Alcohol Consumption |
Cases |
Controls |
|
Yes |
350 |
200 |
|
No |
125 |
200 |
- Gender was considered a potential confounder and/or effect measure modifier in this study. The data were stratified by gender in order to assess these issues. Calculate and interpret the stratum-specific odds ratios among males and females using the following data:
Males
|
Heavy Alcohol Consumption |
Cases |
Controls |
|
Yes |
300 |
150 |
|
No |
50 |
50 |
Females
|
Heavy Alcohol Consumption |
Cases |
Controls |
|
Yes |
50 |
50 |
|
No |
75 |
150 |
- Based on the brief explanation given at the beginning of this problem, do you think gender is a confounder in this study? Explain your reasoning.
- Based on the brief explanation given at the beginning of this problem, do you think gender is an effect measure modifier in this study? Explain your reasoning.
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