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Osmolarity:
The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter.
The sharks’ bodies are particularly high in urea and trimethylamine N-oxide. Urea is essential for the metabolism of compounds containing Nitrogen within their bodies and tissues. It is used to carry Nitrogen out of the body in urine. Trimethylamine is a product of the decomposition of animals and plants. It smells fishy in low concentrations and like ammonia in high concentrations. This is what gives rotting fish its unbearable smell. The Urea also becomes evident after a shark has been dead for some time, giving it a smell that is quite chemical in nature. These substances assist to maintain the animal’s isotonicity.
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- To keep the proper concentrations of water and solutes in their blood, freshwater bony fish must drinka. lots of water and excrete large volumes of urine that are hypotonic to body fluids.b. no water and excrete large volumes of urine that are hypotonic to body fluids.c. lots of water and excrete large volumes of urine that are isotonic to body fluids.d. no water and excrete large volumes of urine that are isotonic to body fluids.The osmotic concentration of seawater is approximately 1,000 mOsmol L-¹. Which of the following marine vertebrates can drink seawater without becoming dehydrated? A. A bony fish such as the flounder (maximum urine osmolarity = 340 mOsmol L-¹) B. A marine bird such as an albatross (maximum urine osmolarity ≈ 640 mOsmol L-¹) C. A marine reptile such as a loggerhead turtle (maximum urine osmolarity ≈ 320 mOsmol L-¹) D. A marine mammal such as a whale (maximum urine osmolarity ≈ 1,920 mOsmol L-¹) E. All of the aboveCompare the values below. Which is greater, or are the two values equal? A. ECF concentration surrounding the proximal tubule of a mammal nephron B. ECF concentration surrounding the bottom of the loop of Henle of a mammal nephron O A is greater than B B is greater than A the values are equal
- Unlike bony fish in the sea, cartilaginous fish are hypertonic in their osmotic pressure. Thus: O a. They have high levels of sodium chloride in their cells compared with a bony fish. O b. They produce very little urine. Oc. They have high levels of urea in their blood. O d. Osmoregulation requires a greater expenditure in energy compared with a bony fish. O e. They need much larger salt glands than in a bony fish.A marine shark is best described as... A. A hypo-ionic, hypo-osmotic ammonotele B. A hypo-ionic, ureotelic osmoconformer C. An ammonotelic iono- and osmoconformer D. A uricotelic hyperionic, hyperosmotic regulator E. None of the aboveSharks live in marine (saltwater) habitats and are osmoconformers. Based on this information which of the following is/are true (select all that apply): A. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are isoosmotic relative to the environment B. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are hypoosmotic relative to the environment C. Sharks devote considerable energy to osmoregulation D. Sharks do not devote much energy to osmoregulation
- Which of the following best describes the changes between dilute (osmolarity 50mOsm/Kg) andconcentrated urine (osmolarity 1200mOsm/Kg)? a. Concentrated urine has more water than NaCl moleculesb. Concentrated urine has less water than NaCl moleculesc. Dilute urine has more NaCl than water moleculesd. Dilute urine has less water than NaCl moleculesNaCI transporter inhibitor? a. Thiazide diuretics b. Osmotic diuretics c. Loop diureticsCompare the osmotic problem and the mechanism of osmotic regula-tion in freshwater and marine bony fishes.
- A. List some invertebrates who are endotherms B. How can something be ectothermic but also maintain homeothermy? C. What are some ways that ectotherms (so called cold blooded) animals can adjust their temps behaviorally?(2) Salt water is denser than fresh water – based on this information and your knowledge of how swim bladders work, do you expect marine fishes to have larger or smaller swim bladders than freshwater fishes? Please explain your answer.What would be the effect of a loss of function mutation in the aquaporin 2 gene? O a. No aldosterone-regulated water reabsorption from the cortical collecting ducts No aldosterone-regulated water reabsorption from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle С. No aldosterone-regulated water reabsorption from the descending limb of the loop of Henle o d. No effect due to the redundancy in the functions of aquaporin 2 and 3 е. No water reabsorption will occur in the kidney