Many studies express the outcome of morbidity, mortality or a measured health indicator in terms of relative risk (RR). If a smoking group risk of mortality is 2.5 compared to a non-smoking control group of 1.0, how much more likely is the smoking group to experience premature death than the control? Group of answer choices 100% more likely 150% more likely 50% more likely 200% more likely
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- We know that the smoking prevalence in the total population is 30%. It is also known that the incidence of lung cancer among smokers was found to be 10/1000 and the incidence among nonsmokers was 2/1000. Based on the data, please calculate the incidence of lung cancer in the total population. Please also calculate and interpret Population Attributable Risk (PAR) and Population Attributable Risk percent (PAR%) of smoking in the total population.QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…The evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and ischemic heart disease based on a prospective cohort study is necessary because this design allows for ascertaining the one of the important guidelines to judge causality. reliability who is a smoker temporal relationship (temporality) between smoking and ischemic heart disease ☐ proof of evidence
- A group of 156 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 75 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 81 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 75 patients that continued smoking, 27 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 14 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. What is the risk ratio for the association between continued smoking and second heart attack? Round to two decimal placesA group of 312 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 150 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 162 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 150 patients that continued smoking, 54 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 28 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. Calculate the appropriate measure of association between continued smoking and second heart attack.A case-control study is conducted to estimate the association between sedentary lifestyle and stroke. Researchers enroll 100 patients who had a stroke in the past year and 400 patients who have never had a stroke. Researchers conclude that the prevalence of stroke in the past year in the population is 20%. This conclusion is: Correct Incorrect because prevalence cannot be estimated from a case-control study Incorrect because the prevalence is 25%
- Identify what type of mortality indicator is depicted in the following graph. a. Age-specific proportional mortality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sex b. Age-standardized all-cause mortality rates for males and females combined, and by sex c. Age-specific cause-specific mortality rates for males and females combined, and by sex d. Age-standardized case-fatality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sex e. Age-standardized cause-specific mortality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sexA study was conducted by the NIH (National Institute for Health) with a large population that examined smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer. In the duration of the study period, 1,800 smokers developed lung cancer. In the same period, 200 nonsmokers developed lung cancer. There were 241,800 current smokers and 478,000 nonsmokers in the total study population. 1.what type study ? Study design options: Ecological, Cross-sectional, Case Control, Prospective Cohort, RetrospectiveCohort, Randomized Clinical TrialMarilyn Winkleby and her research associates (1992) state that "one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a person's morbidity and mortality experience is This finding persists across all diseases with few exceptions, continues throughout the entire lifespan, and extends across numerous risk factors for disease." the number of days spent in a hospital that person's socioeconomic status (SES) how close to a hospital a person lives how frequent a person sees a medical professional
- True or False? The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a continuing probability survey of physicians who practice in public settings such as V.A. centers.A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?Assume that researchers will conduct a community based survey on hypertension. How many participants should be included in the study in order to achieve a 95% confidence level if an error of 5% would be allowable and the estimated proportion of people with hypertension is 20%?
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