List one similarity and one difference between the pairs listed below. If a term appears in parentheses after the pair, both.your answers must be related to that term (e.g. if the term says "structure" your answer must relate to anatomy). Taxonomic classifications are not acceptable as answers. For example, "Both belong to phylum Chordata" or "One belongs to class Insecta and one belongs to class Arachnida" are both unacceptable answers. Vague answers will receive less or no credit. • Shark rectal gland vs. malpighian tubule Similarity Difference
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
Shark rectal gland
It is an epithelial structure. It secrets concentrated solution of salt . It can store urea in their tissues in order to maintain the balance of salts they have retained. Na + and K+ play a key role in Salt excretion as it pumps out Na+ and K+ into the cells across basolateral membrane. It is involved in osmoregulation.
Malphighian tube
It is also known as hingut. It is one of the renal organ in anthropods . It is projected I to hemolymph from hindgut. It is involved in osmo-concentration in which ions are actively transported from hindgut. It secrets organic wastes by transporter.
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