leaders of both China and Japan were (until the 19th century, at least) able to control the nature and extent of their country's dealings with Europeans.

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Unlike their peers in most regions of Africa, the Americas, and Asia, leaders of both China and Japan were (until the 19th century, at least) able to control the nature and extent of their country's dealings with Europeans.  What developments had enabled these two countries to each be strong and confident enough to preserve - in their own ways - political, economic, and cultural autonomy for the time being? 

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