Karen is a 53-year old obese female. She has made an appointment with her physicians for a physical exam because of a recent, unintentional weight loss of approximately 4.5 kg. During her appointment, Karen tells her doctor that she has had a change in bowel habits over the past six months; she is often constipated and needs to use laxatives frequently. As well, she has occasionally noted bright red blood in her stool. Karen also mentions that she often has abdominal discomfort and feels very tired. On reviewing her past history, the physician notes that three years ago she had a benign polyp removed from her colon. He also mentions that Karen previously smoked ½ pack of cigarettes per day for approximately 30 years, but quit 10 years ago. Karen states that she is worried about colon cancer because she has an older brother who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer four years ago. Karen was scheduled for a colonoscopy. During this procedure, a biopsy was taken from a lesion identified in the colon. The pathology report confirmed malignant cells. Compare a healthy cell in the lining of the colon to a malignant one. Describe the cellular changes which take place in a malignant cell? (Support your answer with 5 outcomes) As the cancerous cells in this tumor proliferate, explain how the tumor will affect Karen’s body locally (within and around the colon) and systemically. (Support your answer with 10 outcomes) Consider the location of the malignancy and the surrounding structures. Where are the most likely sites of tumor spread and metastasis for Karen? Provide the rationale for your answer. (Support your answer with 7 outcomes)
Karen is a 53-year old obese female. She has made an appointment with her physicians for a physical exam because of a recent, unintentional weight loss of approximately 4.5 kg. During her appointment, Karen tells her doctor that she has had a change in bowel habits over the past six months; she is often constipated and needs to use laxatives frequently. As well, she has occasionally noted bright red blood in her stool. Karen also mentions that she often has abdominal discomfort and feels very tired.
On reviewing her past history, the physician notes that three years ago she had a benign polyp removed from her colon. He also mentions that Karen previously smoked ½ pack of cigarettes per day for approximately 30 years, but quit 10 years ago. Karen states that she is worried about colon cancer because she has an older brother who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer four years ago.
Karen was scheduled for a colonoscopy. During this procedure, a biopsy was taken from a lesion identified in the colon. The pathology report confirmed malignant cells.
- Compare a healthy cell in the lining of the colon to a malignant one. Describe the cellular changes which take place in a malignant cell? (Support your answer with 5 outcomes)
- As the cancerous cells in this tumor proliferate, explain how the tumor will affect Karen’s body locally (within and around the colon) and systemically. (Support your answer with 10 outcomes)
- Consider the location of the malignancy and the surrounding structures. Where are the most likely sites of tumor spread and metastasis for Karen? Provide the rationale for your answer. (Support your answer with 7 outcomes)
- List the treatment options available for Karen and comment on their potential effectiveness. (Support your answer with 7 outcomes)
- Identify Karen’s known risk factors for developing colon cancer and briefly explain why they are risk factors.(Support your answer with 5 outcomes)
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Karen is a 53-year old obese female. She has made an appointment with her physicians for a physical exam because of a recent, unintentional weight loss of approximately 4.5 kg. During her appointment, Karen tells her doctor that she has had a change in bowel habits over the past six months; she is often constipated and needs to use laxatives frequently. As well, she has occasionally noted bright red blood in her stool. Karen also mentions that she often has abdominal discomfort and feels very tired.
On reviewing her past history, the physician notes that three years ago she had a benign polyp removed from her colon. He also mentions that Karen previously smoked ½ pack of cigarettes per day for approximately 30 years, but quit 10 years ago. Karen states that she is worried about colon cancer because she has an older brother who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer four years ago.
Karen was scheduled for a colonoscopy. During this procedure, a biopsy was taken from a lesion identified in the colon. The pathology report confirmed malignant cells
- List the treatment options available for Karen and comment on their potential effectiveness. (Support your answer with 7 outcomes)
- Identify Karen’s known risk factors for developing colon cancer and briefly explain why they are risk factors.(Support your answer with 5 outcomes)
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