In this exercise we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. Problems in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word: 10101100100001010000000000010100Assume that the data memory is all zeros and that the processor’s registers have the following values at the beginning of the cycle in which the above instruction word is fetched:R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R8 R12 R310 1 -2 3 -4 5 -6 -8 -12 31 1. What are the outputs of the sign-extend and the jump “Shift-Left-2” (near the top of Figure 4.24) for this instruction word? 2. What are the values of ALU control unit’s inputs (ALUOp and Instruction operation) for this instruction? 3. What is the new PC address after this instruction is executed? Highlight the path through which this value is determined. 4. For the ALU and the two add units, what are their data input values? 5. What are the values of all inputs for the “Registers” unit? ### Figure 4.24: Enhanced Control and Datapath for Jump InstructionThis diagram illustrates a processor's datapath extended to handle the jump instruction. It represents the interaction between various components in a computer processor, focusing on a specific implementation for instruction execution.#### Components and Flow:1. **PC (Program Counter):** - The PC is the starting point where it increments by 4 for each instruction cycle to fetch the next instruction.2. **Instruction Memory:** - Stores the entire instruction set where the processor reads the instruction using the current PC as an address.3. **Control Unit:** - Derives control signals based on the opcode (Instruction[31-26]). - Signals include `RegDst`, `Jump`, `Branch`, `MemRead`, `MemtoReg`, `ALUOp`, `MemWrite`, `ALUSrc`, and `RegWrite`.4. **Registers:** - Includes two read ports and one write port. It reads from two registers specified by `Read Register 1` and `Read Register 2` fields and writes back the result into the register file. 5. **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):** - Conducts arithmetic or logical operations defined by ALU control. Output is used in decision-making, like branching.6. **Data Memory:** - Accessed when load or store instructions are executed, dependent on control signals `MemRead` and `MemWrite`.7. **Multiplexers (MUX):** - Multiple MUXs are used to select inputs for various components: - MUX before Registers determines the destination register for writing. - MUX before ALU decides between immediate value (after sign-extension) or register value. - MUX for PC handles branching, choosing between sequential PC+4 and branch/jump targets.8. **Jump Logic:** - Handles 26-bit jump instruction address; left shifts by 2 and combines with upper PC bits to form the new PC value when a jump is executed.9. **Sign-Extend:** - Converts a 16-bit immediate value to a 32-bit format, enabling compatibility with the ALU for arithmetic operations.#### Operation Overview:- **Instruction Fetch (IF):** Starts with reading the instruction from memory using the PC value.- **Instruction Decode/Register Read (ID/RR):** Decodes the fetched instruction and

Response 1::- Sign Extended to Extended Sign-extend takes the lower 16 bits and stretches them to 32…

Answered: In this exercise we examine in detail…

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1PE

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In this exercise we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. Problems in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word: 10101100100001010000000000010100

Assume that the data memory is all zeros and that the processor’s registers have the following values at the beginning of the cycle in which the above instruction word is fetched:

R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R8 R12 R31

0 1 -2 3 -4 5 -6 -8 -12 31

1. What are the outputs of the sign-extend and the jump “Shift-Left-2” (near the top of Figure 4.24) for this instruction word?

2. What are the values of ALU control unit’s inputs (ALUOp and Instruction operation) for this instruction?

3. What is the new PC address after this instruction is executed? Highlight the path through which this value is determined.

4. For the ALU and the two add units, what are their data input values?

5. What are the values of all inputs for the “Registers” unit?

### Figure 4.24: Enhanced Control and Datapath for Jump Instruction

This diagram illustrates a processor's datapath extended to handle the jump instruction. It represents the interaction between various components in a computer processor, focusing on a specific implementation for instruction execution.

#### Components and Flow:

1. **PC (Program Counter):**
- The PC is the starting point where it increments by 4 for each instruction cycle to fetch the next instruction.

2. **Instruction Memory:**
- Stores the entire instruction set where the processor reads the instruction using the current PC as an address.

3. **Control Unit:**
- Derives control signals based on the opcode (Instruction[31-26]).
- Signals include `RegDst`, `Jump`, `Branch`, `MemRead`, `MemtoReg`, `ALUOp`, `MemWrite`, `ALUSrc`, and `RegWrite`.

4. **Registers:**
- Includes two read ports and one write port. It reads from two registers specified by `Read Register 1` and `Read Register 2` fields and writes back the result into the register file.

5. **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):**
- Conducts arithmetic or logical operations defined by ALU control. Output is used in decision-making, like branching.

6. **Data Memory:**
- Accessed when load or store instructions are executed, dependent on control signals `MemRead` and `MemWrite`.

7. **Multiplexers (MUX):**
- Multiple MUXs are used to select inputs for various components:
- MUX before Registers determines the destination register for writing.
- MUX before ALU decides between immediate value (after sign-extension) or register value.
- MUX for PC handles branching, choosing between sequential PC+4 and branch/jump targets.

8. **Jump Logic:**
- Handles 26-bit jump instruction address; left shifts by 2 and combines with upper PC bits to form the new PC value when a jump is executed.

9. **Sign-Extend:**
- Converts a 16-bit immediate value to a 32-bit format, enabling compatibility with the ALU for arithmetic operations.

#### Operation Overview:

- **Instruction Fetch (IF):**
Starts with reading the instruction from memory using the PC value.

- **Instruction Decode/Register Read (ID/RR):**
Decodes the fetched instruction and

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