In the oxygen sensor, ¼ of the Zr's have been replaced with Ca. (This is called "doping".) What is the usual charge on Ca (assuming a full valence shell)? Calculate the total positive charge from atoms fully in the unit cell. (4 of Zr atoms in unit cell _) x charge on Zr + charge on Ca = To balance the unit cell, you must have (- ) on atoms in the unit cell. What has to happen to the number of oxygen ions to accommodate the replacement of Zr by Ca? In other words, how many oxide ions will be in the 'doped' cell? A loss of an oxide atom results in a 'vacancy'. The presence of these vacancies is required for conductivity in the solid state. How many vacancies will be in the doped cell? • Explain how these vacancies allow oxide ions to move through the material.

In the oxygen sensor, ¼ of the Zr's have been replaced with Ca. (This is called "doping".) What is the usual charge on Ca (assuming a full valence shell)? Calculate the total positive charge from atoms fully in the unit cell. (4 of Zr atoms in unit cell _) x charge on Zr + charge on Ca = To balance the unit cell, you must have (- ) on atoms in the unit cell. What has to happen to the number of oxygen ions to accommodate the replacement of Zr by Ca? In other words, how many oxide ions will be in the 'doped' cell? A loss of an oxide atom results in a 'vacancy'. The presence of these vacancies is required for conductivity in the solid state. How many vacancies will be in the doped cell? • Explain how these vacancies allow oxide ions to move through the material.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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