In response to light hitting a cone photoreceptor, the cone cell depolarizes and releases more glutamate the cone cell hyperpolarizes and releases more glutamate the cone cell depolarizes and releases less glutamate the cone cell hyperpolarizes and releases less glutamate
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- Help me pleaseThe correct pathway of activation (by sending neuronal signals) in the retina is bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell O bipolar cell - photoreceptor - amacrine cellHow are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction? they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels The density of cones in the retina: is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity The recycling of rhodopsin.
- Photoreceptors in the retina have special channels that are open to Na+ in the dark. When light hits photoreceptors, these special channels close. What can you cònclude from this? None of the above O Photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light Photoreceptors depolarize to light Photoreceptor voltage does not change in the presence of lightThe recycling of rhodopsin: involves quanylate cyclase but not arrestin all of the answers are correct takes place exclusively in the outer segment limits the enormous signal amplification of phototransduction The fovea centralis, the center of the fovea, is responsible for: Glaucoma Accommodation Blindness acute vision O OOGiven these events:(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptorcells decreases.(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, startingwith the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5,1 c. 3,4,2,5,1 d. 4,3,5,2,1 e. 5,3,4,1,2
- Help mekey function of rod photoreceptors is to: detect colors detect fine details in the visual field. detect light under low levels of illumination. detect light under high levels of illumination. During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts: GTP to GDP CGMP to GMP retinal cis to retinal trans retinal trans to retinal cisWhen light hits the center of an ON-center receptive field, which of the following processes occur: a. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. b. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release less glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. c. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells increase rate of APs. d. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; ganglion cells increase rate of APs.
- Based on the attached figure (Figure 9.8 in the textbook), what is the actual membrane mechanism mediating the light-induced hyperpolarization of a photoreceptor? (A) Dark Rod outer segment CGMP 0 CGMP CGMP CGMP K+ Rod inner segment Inside Obelecendra EX Ca²+ Na+ Outside Na+ influx, K+ efflux: Depolarization (B) Light Rod outer segment LIELITI CGMP reduced Rod inner segment Ca2+ Na Inside Outside Reduced Na+ influx, K* efflux: HyperpolarizationIn the dark, Question options: A the photoreceptor does nothing, therefore the bipolar cells are inhibited. B the photoreceptor depolarizes and releases glutamate onto bipolar cells, stimulating them. C the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes and stops releasing glutamate onto bipolar cells, which in turn stimulate the ganglion cells. D the photoreceptor depolarizes and releases glutamate onto bipolar cells, inhibiting them.When waves push the basilar membrane up and down, the stereocilia move back and forth, opening up ion channels, allowing this ion to move into the hair cells and depolarizing the membrane. O CF O K* Na+ O H* O Ca* Ca+
