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- How are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction? they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels The density of cones in the retina: is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity The recycling of rhodopsin.The best characterization of receptive fields in retinal ganglion cells that respond best to light-dark contrast is that for a cell that responds to light it has no response to light in its center on field for a cell that responds to light it has a strong response to light in the surround field for a cell that responds to light it has a strong response to light in its center on field for a cell that responds to light it has a weak response to light in its center on fieldWhich the correct order of passing information of light stimuli among cells in the retina? ganglion cell → bipolar cells → photoreceptor photoreceptor → amacrine cells → ganglion cell horizontal cell photoreceptor →ganglion cell Ophotoreceptor → bipolar cells → ganglion cell
- key function of rod photoreceptors is to: detect colors detect fine details in the visual field. detect light under low levels of illumination. detect light under high levels of illumination. During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts: GTP to GDP CGMP to GMP retinal cis to retinal trans retinal trans to retinal cisnonM-nonP type (K-type) retinal ganglion cells typically have: large receptive fields and motion sensitivity small receptive fields and color-opponency small receptive fields and motion sensitivity small receptive field without color-opponencyWhich is the correct order of passing information of light stimuli among cells in the retina? ganglion cell bipolar cells → photoreceptor photoreceptor amacrine cells ganglion cell horizontal cell photoreceptor ganglion cell photoreceptor → bipolar cells → ganglion cell
- Place the following into the correct order to represent the bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin. Opsin and cis-retinal enzymatically combine to regenerate rhodopsin Trans-retinal is enzymatically converted back to cis-retinal Cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal Trans-retinal separates from opsin Opsin triggers reaction cascade that breaks down cGMP Rhodopsin absorbs photon of light www Next >Put the following steps in order for transduction for vision. Question options: PDE breaks down cyclic GMP Photon is absorbed by discs the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes Sodium channels are inactivated and the dark current stops Opsin is activated Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is activated Transducin is activatedPhotoreceptor synapses with bipolar cells: respond to depolarization and hyperpolarization of photoreceptors trigger action potentials rather than graded potentials involve AMPA and kainate but not mGluR6 receptors are always sign-conserving The shape of the lens is controlled by the muscle Optic Fovea Pupillary Cilliary
- Based on the number of rods vs cones in the retina [Select] rods greater sensitivity and [Select] cones have greater acuity. haveReceptive field Bipolar cell responses: changes in polarization Ganglion cell responses: action potentials Light Light Based on the firing rate of the ganglion cell, the receptive field in the figure above would best be described as: Color-opponent Trichromatic On-center/off-surround Off-center/on-surroundGiven these events:(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptorcells decreases.(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, startingwith the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5,1 c. 3,4,2,5,1 d. 4,3,5,2,1 e. 5,3,4,1,2
