Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the…
A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Why are some chromosomal regions amplified/deleted in a specific manner in certain tumor types?
A: Chromosomal amplification: Chromosomal amplification can be explained as the increase in the amount…
Q: What is apoptosis? How is it beneficial to the body?
A: APOPTOSIS: * Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which some steps in cell will leads to…
Q: Explain how p53 functions as a tumor suppressor gene. How can mutations in p53 lead to cancer, and…
A: Normal cell has low level of p53 protein. When DNA damage or other stress signals may trigger p53…
Q: Which of the following best describes a gene that codes for a tumor-suppressor protein? a. One that…
A: Cell growth is the process by which cells gain mass and expand in size. Animal cells that are…
Q: How does a normal cell become a cancerous cell? What has to happen to it?
A: NOTE:- "As you have posted multiple questions under one, we will solve the first part for you, to…
Q: What are Two kinds of cancer-producing mutations?
A: Cancer is defined as any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell…
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled cell division where he ell continuously divides. Cancer cells thus become…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the…
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviated as DNA, is a double-helix made-up of nucleic acids. Its role in…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…
A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…
Q: Most forms of cancer are caused by environmental agents that produce mutations in somatic cells. Is…
A: Environmental factors have been known to trigger a lot of the mutations which develop into cancerous…
Q: Which of the following is not a tumor suppressor gene? a.RET b.RB c.BRCA1 d.BRCA2
A: A normal cell undergoes regulated division, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).…
Q: Some cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that encode for proteins required for the promotion of cell cycle.…
Q: What is the working of Tumor suppressor genes ?
A: There are two types of genes that are associated with tumors: Oncogenes: These genes when directly…
Q: How do oncogenes differ from tumor suppressor genes?
A: Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, the protein products of which act…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates the p14ARF tumor suppressor upon p53…
A: p53 is known as a cellular tumor antigen 53 is a protein found in vertebrates that is responsible…
Q: How Mutations Cause Cancer Phenotypes?
A: The medical condition of cancer is generally characterized by the presence of a cluster of cells…
Q: What are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to…
A: TP53 is the gene that translates the protein called tumor protein p53 which acts as a tumor…
Q: Do more mutations necessarily mean that more cancer-causing genes are faulty? Why or why not?
A: Biotechnology is a wide range of studies where it uses its techniques with biological systems to…
Q: how can breakdown in dna repair play a key role in the development of human cancers?
A: DNA can be changed by the copying errors introduced by DNA polymerase during replication.…
Q: Describe the steps by which the TP53 gene responds to DNA damage and/or cellular stress to promote…
A: It codes for a protein or a functional product rRNA (ribosomal RNA) or tRNA (transfer RNA). DNA is…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Which type of mutation would NOT be involved in the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene?
A: Normal cell growth in body is controlled by - 1. Protooncogene or cellular oncogene - Protooncogene…
Q: Why is cancer a disease of individual cells? Because cancer involves cell proliferation None of the…
A: Cancer is defined as uncontrolled division of cells.
Q: How oncogenes contribute to cancer?
A: Cancer: It is a disease where cells divide abnormally and damage other cells. There are…
Q: How can breakdown in DNA repair play arole in the development of human cancers?
A: One of the causative factors for cancer is the development of mutations in the genome or damage of…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: How tumor-suppressor mutations contribute to cancer?
A: Cancer - Cancer is a type of disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner. The cells…
Q: How does the normal p53 protein inhibit cancer development?
A: Tumor-suppressor genes code for proteins that repair damaged DNA (preventing a cell from turning…
Q: Apart from p53, mention and describe the function of three tumor suppressor genes you know
A: The cancer related genes can be divided into two broad categories like the proto-oncogenes and tumor…
Q: Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a)…
A: Cells that progress through the cell cycle unchecked may sequentially develop malignant tumors.…
Q: The protein that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication is the a. tumor repressor P53 protein. b.…
A: The capacity of polymerase to prevent or rectify mistakes in the newly synthesized DNA strand is…
Q: Why are oncogenes usually dominant in their action, whereas tumor-suppressor genes are recessive?
A: BASIC INFORMATION ONCOGENES When there is alteration in the proto-onco genes then it leads to the…
Q: Is PI3K a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? Why
A: PI3K means Phospho inositol 3 kinase gene.It is involved in signalling pathways.It is the mutation…
Q: Why does a single mutation in a proto-oncogene, turning it into an oncogene potentially lead to a…
A: Proto- oncogene Activation of a proto- oncogene into an oncogene usually includes gain of function…
Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…
A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…
Q: a. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this patient inherited the mutation from one…
A: There are various diagnostic technique used to diagnose cancer and they are:- Biopsy, Breast MRI,…
Q: In cell growth, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor…
A: Cell growth is a very complex and orderly process in which various enzymes cell signaling pathways…
Q: How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in regard to cell proliferation (are they proto-oncogenes,…
A: jjBRCA proteins play an important role in a variety of biological functions. In response to DNA…
Q: Can you think of two ways in which the function of p53 can be disrupted?
A: P53 is a tumor suppressor gene which normally restrains growth and mutation in this causes loss of…
In DNA repair, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?
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- Why is p53 considered a tumor suppressor protein? Question 12 options: a) Because p53 normally detects breaks in DNA. b) Because p53 normally causes progression from G1 to S phase to halt until damaged DNA is fully repaired. c) Because p53 normally repairs breaks in DNA. d) Because p53 normally stimulates transcription of Repair Polymerase. e) Because p53 normally reduces the mutation rate of DNA polymerase.A cell inherits a mutation in a gene that results in a transcription factor, called NF-kB, constantly being in its active conformation. When active, NF-kB stimulates the expression of cyclins that promote progression of the cell cycle, regardless of other conditions. As a result of this mutation, how would this cell's phenotype be affected by this mutation? A) This cell would have a cancer phenotype B) This cell would grow larger in size, but would never divide C) This cell would likely undergo apoptosis D) This cell would not duplicate its chromosomes .Is PI3K a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? Why?
- Some cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does the deleted region contain an oncogene or atumor-suppressor gene? Explain.D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…
- The p53 pathway is important for regulating the cell cycle. In a normal cell, there is a protein called mdm2 that can bind to p53 and deactivate it. A diseased individual has amutation in the gene that codes for mdm2, resulting in an mdm2 protein that is less able to bind to p53. Will this mutation increase, decrease, or cause no change in the rate of cell death? Explain.The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for several genes. Discuss an example of a specific gene that is activated by p53 and how this gene activation will lead to a pause in the cell cycle for DNA repair to take place.Can you think of two ways in which the function of p53 can be disrupted?