Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
![**Transcription and Explanation for Educational Website:**
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**Title: Identifying Monochlorination Products in Organic Reactions**
**Text Content:**
In the reaction below, identify the monochlorination product(s). The reactant undergoes chlorination in the presence of chlorine gas (\( \text{Cl}_2 \)) and light (\( hv \)), which leads to radical substitution on the hydrocarbon. Examine the potential products and select the correct one(s):
- **Reaction:**
\[
\text{Compound (central structure)} \xrightarrow{\text{Cl}_2 \, / \, hv} \quad ?
\]
**Possible Products:**
- **a.** \( \text{III} \)
- **b.** \( \text{I} \) and \( \text{III} \)
- **c.** \( \text{I, II, and III} \)
- **d.** \( \text{IV} \)
**Diagrams:**
1. **(I):** A molecular structure where a chlorine atom is attached to a terminal carbon of a two-carbon chain.
2. **(II):** A three-carbon chain with a chlorine atom attached to the middle carbon.
3. **(III):** A chlorine atom attached to the other end of the two-carbon chain, opposite to (I).
4. **(IV):** Chlorine attached to a three-carbon chain, similar positioning to (II) but with structural variance.
**Explanation:**
The chlorination process involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom by a chlorine atom, typically forming several possible isomers depending on the positions of the hydrogen atoms. The inclusion of light (\( hv \)) indicates a radical halogenation mechanism, where hydrogen atoms can be replaced by chlorine across different carbon atoms, leading to various potential chlorinated products.
Through careful examination of each option, students can determine which molecule(s) appear as the product(s) of the chlorination reaction, paying attention to the structure and position of chlorine atoms.
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This transcription aims to enhance understanding of organic reaction mechanisms related to monochlorination for educational purposes.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0e2e7e69-ef3a-469e-a72e-c29456bf27ef%2F45acad79-d036-48d7-8e08-ced4748c9d4b%2F298937n_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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