**Classify the following substituents according to whether they are electron donors or electron acceptors relative to hydrogen by the resonance and the inductive mechanisms.**- **a = acceptor**- **d = donor**- **n = no effect**1. **Structure:** Benzene ring with \(\text{-N(CH}_3\text{)}_2\) substituent. - **Inductive effect:** [ ] - **Resonance effect:** [ ]2. **Structure:** Benzene ring with \(\text{-CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{N(CH}_3\text{)}_2\) substituent. - **Inductive effect:** [ ] - **Resonance effect:** [ ]3. **Structure:** Methanesulfonyl group \((\text{-S(=O)}_2\text{CH}_3)\). - **Inductive effect:** [ ] - **Resonance effect:** [ ]

Answered: hydrogen by the resonance and the…

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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**Classify the following substituents according to whether they are electron donors or electron acceptors relative to hydrogen by the resonance and the inductive mechanisms.**

- **a = acceptor**
- **d = donor**
- **n = no effect**

1. **Structure:** Benzene ring with \(\text{-N(CH}_3\text{)}_2\) substituent.
- **Inductive effect:** [ ]
- **Resonance effect:** [ ]

2. **Structure:** Benzene ring with \(\text{-CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{N(CH}_3\text{)}_2\) substituent.
- **Inductive effect:** [ ]
- **Resonance effect:** [ ]

3. **Structure:** Methanesulfonyl group \((\text{-S(=O)}_2\text{CH}_3)\).
- **Inductive effect:** [ ]
- **Resonance effect:** [ ]

Expert Solution

Step 1: Resonance and inductive effect

The inductive effect mainly arises when there is a difference in electronegativity values of the bonded atom. The more electronegative atom withdraws the electron density from the bond, which leads to a permanent polarization in the compound. This is transmitted along the sigma (σ) bonds.

Resonance involves the delocalization of pi or lone pair electrons which are in conjugation. The groups that withdraw electron density are called -R groups and those that donate electron density are called +R groups.

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