Human tumour viruses account for an estimated 12% to 20% of cancers  worldwide and often establish persistent infections in the host. Explain how  viruses contribute to cancer development.

Q: What is a retrovirus and how does information flow for a retrovirus differ from that for the…

A: A virus is a microscopic parasite that can replicate and reproduce only inside living cells. The…

Q: One of the major characteristics of cancer is uncontrolled proliferation of cells. There are several…

A: The uncontrollable division of cells leads to tumor formation in cancer patients. Tumors are of two…

Q: The Bcl-2 protein was initially discovered via its ability to contribute to progression of B-cells…

A: Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell division.

Q: Give a short discussion of the lytic and lysogenic phases in the lifecycle of certain viruses. the…

A: Bacterial viruses called bacteriophages can undergo two types of life cycles - lytic or lysogenic.…

Q: Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is…

A: Skin is the organ of the body that is most exposed to environmental mutagens like radiation. As it…

Q: The drug vincristine, which prevents polymerization of tubulin, is used as a chemotherapeutic agent…

A: Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic medication that belongs to the vinca alkaloids family of…

Q: Characterize the differences between tumor cells and normal cells in terms of the following…

A: A. The normal cell shows contact inhibition that means when two cells get contact then the growth…

Q: Lyme disease or zika virus   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729143/…

A: Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living…

Q: Retroviruses can sometimes increase the likelihood of developing cancer. There are two ways that…

A: A retrovirus is a type of virus that has its genetic material in the form of RNA. When a retrovirus…

Q: Which of the following is true of tumor suppressor genes?   Group of answer choices a) If this…

A: Tumor suppressor genes These are anti-oncogene that are responsible for the regulation of cell…

Q: List the characteristics of cancer cells that allow them to grow uncontrollably.

A: Cancer is defined as a disease in which the abnormal cells will undergo division uncontrollably and…

Q: Compare and contrast bacteriophage plaques with bacterial colonies.

A: A phage is consists of protein capsid and nucleic acid. A protein sheat that is contractile and…

Q: Name the six fundamental properties of malignant tumours. Which of these properties are amenable to…

A: Malignant cells grow uncontrollably, invading nearby tissues and spreading to other parts of the…

Q: Explain what it means when cancer is said to have a hereditary component.

A: Malignant growth is a hereditary disease—that is, disease is brought about by specific changes to…

Q: Explain why metastasis can lead to multiplesecondary tumors in different sites.

A: When there is some mutation that occurs in the DNA of any cell that leads to abnormal and…

Q: evasion? Because the spike protein is the target of COVID-19 vaccines. Because mutations in the…

A: A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence.Mutations arise spontaneously at low…

Q: "In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of…

A: Normal genes that are changed to become oncogenes are known as proto-oncogenes. They carry out a…

Q: 1.Are viruses living or non-living organisms?

A: Microbes are living beings that cannot be easily visualized by naked eyes. Examples of microbes are…

Q: describe the steps of a lytic infection typical to a dna virus like herpes simplex virus. in simple…

A: A virus is an obligate parasite with DNA or RNA as genetic material. The genetic material can be…

Q: Describe the seven hallmarks of cancer i) List the seven hallmarks ii) Connect each hallmark to…

A: Weinberg and Hanahan gave 6 of the hallmarks of cancer in 2000 and then added 4 additional hallmarks…

Q: Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes?

A: Retro viruses can cause backward flow of information from RNA to DNA. They contains the enzyme…

Q: One of the ways that we know what the RB protein does in cells is that its inactivation is a common…

A: Cell division refers to the process in which the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.…

Q: I understand how nuclear factor-kB (NFKB) works in the inflammatory response but what is the…

A: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is essential for inflammatory responses, is…

Q: What are two health disparities that cancer could be believed to exist in a community, city, or…

A: The objective of the question is to identify two health disparities that could potentially lead to a…

Q: In general, what is the main characteristic of cancer?

A: Cancer cells grow and divide at an abnormally rapid rate, are poorly differentiated, and have…

Q: Why is the tumor microenvironment important to cancer progression?

A: Cancer progression requires metastasis which in turn is the ability of tumors to migrate within the…

Q: This article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19…

A: COVID-19 is a term for coronavirus disease caused by a virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute…

Q: Why are deaths from infection in cancer patients so common?

A: Cancer is a situation in which cells continue through a continuous cycle without pausing and do not…

Q: Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited…

A: Breast cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrolled, resulting in a…

Q: A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after two separate Pap smears…

A: The question is asking about the mechanism by which the E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV)…

Q: What are the molecular mechanism of cancer development.  What mechanisms get mutated into oncovirus?

A: Cancer results for a malfunction in the normal cellular mechanism that controls the cell division.…

Q: List three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza.  For one of…

A: Answer of the question given below...

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.