Human rhinoviruses are a large family of related viruses responsible for many cases of the "common cold." They are naked, ss(+)RNA viruses. When a person gets a cold, most of the symptoms result from inflammation of the upper respiratory system, caused by the innate immune response to the virus. Describe how the innate immune system would recognize the presence of a rhinovirus infection, and then how its response could lead to cold symptoms.

Q: Medications that prevent and treat influenza by binding to neuraminidase on the viral surface act…

A: Influenza is a respiratory system (lungs, throat, and nose) based viral infection. In severe cases,…

Q: Consider the separate stages of an animal virus life cycle. Assemble a short list of structures and…

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: What are some of the stimuli that can trigger reactivation of a latent herpesvirus infection?…

A: A large family of viruses that are known to infect animals and cause blister formation along with…

Q: Describe the structural features of the human immunodeficiency virus and the host cell membrane that…

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A: A sequence of events occurs when viral infection occurs that starts from the entry till the…

Q: In HIV, helper T cells are affected. Describe how this impacts both the humoral and cell- mediated…

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system of the body. It creates…

Q: An animal virus can become latent inside the host cell as a provirus, What happens in this process…

A: Latent period is also known as the latency period or the pre-infectious period. Latent period is the…

Q: Classify the following viruses according to Baltimore classification by completing table.  Virus:…

A: Introduction Smallpox  is a caused by the variola virus. It is highly contagious and serious…

Q: Reterovirusses do not follow central dogma why?

A: The central dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: Explain why a virus can only infect specific cells andorganisms.

A: Viruses are obligate parasites that live inside the host cells.

Q: what impact could a mutation that makes the binding to the ACE-2 receptors stronger have on a…

A: virus are obligate parasites ,which becomes active when inside a living cell . they use many…

Q: Briefly describe the events leading to the synthesis of viral proteins. Begin with the genome;…

A: It has been proposed that RNA was the earliest genetic material in primitive living forms. The DNA…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: Baltimore classification Characteristics (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA (-),ssRNA (+), ssRNA RT, ds DNA…

A: Baltimore classification is based on the viral genome, whether it is made of DNA or RNA, whether the…

Q: When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein…

A: Our immune system is  strong enough to fight with the viruses as well as bacteria. Their Prime…

Q: Include the steps in the correct order from attachment to lysis.

A: (Note: You have add multiple question, I am sorry but I can able to answer only one question at a…

Q: HIV is a retrovirus. Briefly describe how a retrovirus is different from other viruses.

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A: Antimicrobial drugs differ in their mode of action, including inhibition of cell wall, inhibition of…

Q: Explain the difference between a virus and a retrovirus. Give an example of both.

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Q: Rhinovirus, the most common cause of colds, do not have a lipid envelope. Compared to enveloped…

A: Viral envelope is a loose membranous covering that occurs in some animal viruses, rarely plants and…

Q: A researcher performs an experiment where he infects 2 mice (Mouse A and Mouse B) with herpes…

A: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is known for its invasiveness against immune response. Major…

Q: We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United…

A: The vaccines are: 1. Pfizer-BioNTech – Authorized on December 11, 2020 2. Moderna – Authorized on…

Q: Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, without the help of a living cell. Explain the basics of how…

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Q: A number of vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID) are currently in use. Based…

A: Acquired immunity- a type of immunity that is not present by birth but is developed over a lifetime.…

Q: The innermost portion of a viruses structure is made up of?

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Q: Throughout history there are many different types of virus that have caused impacts both small and…

A: The impact of viruses and viral infections on human history is described by the social history of…

Q: Describe the structure and composition of viruses. What are three reasons that they are different…

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Q: Depict the replication cycle of HIV, beginning with entry of the virus into host cells

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Q: What is the exact role of each specific viral protein? Explain

A: Norovirus is a contagious virus that is responsible for inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract…

Q: explains how a gene can be altered to correct genetic defects in humans using an adenovirus

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Q: Choose the combination of answers that most accurately completes the statement.Which of the…

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Q: describe the steps of a lytic infection typical to a dna virus like herpes simplex virus. in simple…

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Q: provide a general definition of a virus. Viruses can cause other issues, known as cytopathic…

A: Viruses being obligate intracellular parasites, invade and infect host cells. They take over the…

Q: How are endothelia involved with blood clotting?

A: Hi! As you have posted multiple questions, I will be answering the first one for you. If you need…

Q: Describe a drug therapy that has been used for patients infected with SARS COV2. What does it…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to resist pathogenic organisms that can cause…

Q: All Viruses are made of

A: Viruses are generally a lean genome encompassed by a defensive protein coat.

Q: Why is it essential that negative-strand viruses carry an enzymein their virions?

A: Negative-strand viruses are RNA viruses that have a negative sense genome that is single stranded…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.