How would the following enzymes speed up or slow down glycolysis? - high levels of Amp - high levels of atp - high levels of pi
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
In glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose-6-phosphate is broken down into 3-carbon pyruvate. It consists of 10 enzymatically catalysed reactions. In phase 1 of glycolysis (first 5 reactions) 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are produced from a single glucose molecule and 2 ATP. In phase 2 (last five reactions) of glycolysis, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate and 2 ATP + 1 NADH are produced as byproduct.
Glycolysis step-by-step reaction :
- Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by hexokinase.
- G6P is converted to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by G6P isomerase
- F6P is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by PhosphoFructoKinase-1
- Aldolase catalyzes Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate conversion to DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- GAP is converted to 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate by GAP dehydrogenase
- phosphoglycerate kinase removes phosphate from 1,3-BPG to convert it to 2 3-phosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase
- 2-phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoenolpyruvate conversion is facilitated by enolase
- PEP is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
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