How does the response of the chemotaxis system to anattractant differ from its response to a repellent?

Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…

A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…

Q: Which component is released from the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction? What is…

A: Introduction  The active site of an enzyme is the region where the substrate binds and undergoes a…

Q: What are light-harvesting complexes (LHCs)?

A: Introduction  Chloroplast is a kind of plastid which is filled with chlorophyll pigment. This…

Q: Which of the following component is the first involved in the classical complement activation…

A: A group of organs that utilize an immune response to defend the body against external substances or…

Q: In what ways does innate immunity protect the mammaliandigestive tract?

A: Innate immunity is the natural immunity present in all animals. It is the primary defense mechanism.

Q: How can chemotaxis be measured quantitatively?

A: The response to a chemical stimulus is more precisely known as the chemotaxis. It is widely…

Q: List the most important antifungal defenses found in humans.

A: Fungi are eukaryotic organism that includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms. They are placed in kingdom…

Q: What distinguishes constitutive resistance from an induced response?  What is the difference between…

A: Defense against an infectious pathogen is a complex mechanism that includes both constitutive…

Q: Define plakophilin-2).

A: Plakophilin-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PKP2 Gene. It is expressed in skin and…

Q: How do intracellular microorganisms stimulate cytotoxicT cells? What role do helper T cells play in…

A: T-cells are one of the immune cells responsible for providing an immune response in the body, and…

Q: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with…

A: innate system of immunity is the first defense of the body . anti microbial peptides are part of the…

Q: 11) What is the relative speed (slower, faster, the same) of a second response compared to the first…

A: On the epidermis, in body tissues, and in bodily fluids such as blood, the immune system fights…

Q: Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins? A) O Hemolysins are cell membrane…

A: Toxins refer to poisonous substances that include a class of small molecules and proteins, which are…

Q: Which of the IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?

A: Immunoglobulins, otherwise called antibodies, are glycoprotein particles created by plasma cells.…

Q: In what way does the action of the membrane attack complexresemble the action of perforin?

A: The membrane attack complex can be described as an essential component of the innate immune effector…

Q: What is innate (nonspecific) defense?

A: Biologists categorized the human immune system into two groups namely innate defenses and adaptive…

Q: How do Schistosoma species avoid antibodies?

A: Schistosoma species avoid antibodies as the mimic the host by coating themselves with the host blood…

Q: What are some examples of innate defense mechanisms that are chemical in nature? What is complement?

A: The immune system is complex and is made up of few organs and a broad network of cells and proteins…

Q: Complement components and the C-reactive protein are some of the acute phase reactants. Aside from…

A: Acute phase proteins are group of that plasma proteins which are produced in liver and functions to…

Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?

A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria  is planned to…

Q: is Polymyxin a cationic antimcrobial peptide? Does Aureomycin targets lipopolysaccharide?

A: is Polymyxin a cationic antimcrobial peptide? Yes

Q: Which is an example of chemotaxis? the attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to…

A: Introduction  A reaction that takes place within an organism with the goal of protecting it from…

Q: How do TLRs recognize PAMPs?

A: Answer: Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a proteins group which has role in the innate…

Q: TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2…

A: TLR is a toll-like receptor. It is a class of pattern recognition molecules that function as a…

Q: Which of the following proteins downregulates the classical complement cascade by breaking up the C3…

A: The classical complement (CMP) pathway is considered as the method, which helps in the activation of…

Q: Which type of defense celldo bacteria attract and causeto multiply during theinflammation process?…

A: The different kinds of immune cells patrol the body in which macrophages are the first to fight…

Q: for each stage of pethogens explain how pathogens do expose the host tissue (exposure), then how to…

A: EXPOSURE/CONTACT   An encounter with pathogen is known as exposure. Fr a pathogen to cause disease,…

Q: 1. NSF is an enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble complexes between v-SNAREs…

A: When the two separated lipid bilayers fuse to form a single layer, this process is known as Membrane…

Q: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three…

A: The complementary system occurs in the cascade of reactions which is a part of the immune system. It…

Q: From the list below, select all the examples that of defense that ARE NOT considered part of the…

A: Hypersensitive Response: The hypersensitive response (HR) is a plant defense mechanism that involves…

Q: How are antibodies used as targeting molecules?  What are their advantages and disadvantages

A: There are many antibodies that are used for targeting specific antigen. These specific antibodies…

Q: you need a flu shot every year/season because (HA-haemoagglutinin; NA-neuroaminidase) A) the virus…

A: The viruses are constantly changing. So to keep yourself protected it is utmost important to get…

Q: What is complement activation in the biological sense

A: Immune system is a defense system in a human body that protects the body against invading pathogens…

Q: Aside from the time required for a reaction to appear,how does delayed hypersensitivity differ from…

A: Introduction: The immune response is protective but can at times be injurious to the host. A…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: Why and how might antibodies againt IL-6 or IL-6 receptor be used for treating patients with…

A: Diseases like COVID-19 are dealt with by the immune system significantly by interleukin-6 (IL-6). In…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.