Here Loads P and 2P of two columns are to be applied to the surface of a 6 m thick layer of dense sand which overlies alayer of clay. Determine the maximum spacing of the columns if the settlement of the heavier column is not to begreater than 1.5 times that of the other column. Assume the settlement is due to the clay alone and that its compressibilitycharacteristics are the same for each load.

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Q: 1 y 1 3 m 2 3 1.0 kN (2) 3 m 4 m 0.5 kN

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.