Heidelberger observed that complement inhibited the formation of precipitating  antigen-antibody lattices. Therefore, what factors influence the immune complex lattice size?

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: Cells from mouse spleen were fixed and stain with CD4, which is found on T cells. Are the lighter…

A: In this scenario, cells from a mouse spleen are stained with an antibody targeting CD4, a protein…

Q: Immature B-cells express only IgM on its membrane, and if it encounters antigen the IgM will be…

A: Switch Recombination:- It is a process in immune system where B-cells changes the class of…

Q: A man gets bitten by a rattle snake. The man is rushed to the hospital and they administer to him…

A: The resistance that is induced in the recipient by the transfer of performed or readymade antibodies…

Q: Cell-mediated immunity is specifically effective against what type of target? Provide examples.

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: What do you mean by innate immunity? Give and explain the components of innate immunity.

A: Immunity is a state of being well or immune. It can also be explained as resistance shown by the…

Q: Which pathway for activation of complement involves antibodies? Explain why.

A: The complement system refers to a part of the innate immune system of the body which increases the…

Q: According to the clonal selection theory, all immunoglobulin molecules in an individual B cell have…

A: *clonal selection theory states that antigen selects lymphocytes for activation from some cells  to…

Q: Explain the difference between affinity and avidity. For which immunoglobulin class might avidity be…

A: Affinity: The interaction that occurs between specific antibody with its corresponding antigen. The…

Q: What are the mechanisms used by B cells to generate antibody diversity?

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigenic stimulation. They mai either…

Q: Provide an example of a passive immunity created artificially. How does the vaccinated person gain…

A: Artificial passive immunity is a form of immunization that involves the administration of pre-formed…

Q: What is an example of natural immunity acquired passively?

A: The immunity is described as the body's natural mechanism to protect itself from an infectious…

Q: B

A: Antibody binding of antigens represents a critical part of the adaptive immune system’s ability to…

Q: B lymphocytes, the precursors of plasma cells, are triggered to proliferate by the binding of…

A: B-cell is a type of lymphocyte which is involved in the humoral immune response in the body. B-cell…

Q: w antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens,

A: Thymus-dependent antigens are two categories of antigens that must come into contact with T-helper…

Q: Which of the following is not an example of a complement control protein? a. decay-accelerating…

A: Complement system- complement system refers to a series of more than 20 proteins circulating in…

Q: Describe the steps for immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching from IgM to IgG. Are the events…

A: Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation, or…

Q: Describe the three processes responsible for antibody diversity, estimating the diversity each…

A: The human body comes across different antigens, hence the immune system has the potential to produce…

Q: What do these antibodies do: IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgD

A: Antibodies also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are proteins produced by the immune system in…

Q: Based on the constant region of the antibodies there are only five iso-types of the antibodies,…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped large molecules that combine with the antigen for neutralizing…

Q: Which of the following lists contains cells that are typically considered to be associated with the…

A: Immunity can be defined as the capacity of the body to fight against the pathogens attacking the…

Q: Which antibody class is the first produced during a primary response?

A: Answer: Introduction: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin, a protein formed by the immune…

Q: How are antibodies unique? Please discuss the structure of an antibody. What are the V and C…

A: The antibodies are unique their mechanism of action in response to an antigen. Antibodies are…

Q: What is the enzymatic tag on the antibodies that interacts with the substrate causing the color…

A: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) is biochemical analytical assay used for the detection of…

Q: Figure shows a series of events for the response in innate immune defense. a)State ONE main event…

A: Innate immunity is an immunity that is present during the birth of an individual. It is also known…

Q: i) Describe the above process. II) Why do O and P have different pathways for antigen processing…

A: introduction The adaptive, or acquired, immune reaction takes days or maybe weeks to become…

Q: Which of the following types of antibodies may function to trigger the nonspecific event of…

A: Antibody or immunoglobulins (Ig) are circulating glycoprotein molecules, secreted by B-lymphocyte…

Q: What is the variable region of an antibody? The hypervariable or complementarity-determining region?…

A: Introduction  Immunity: it is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done…

Q: What is the mechanism used by B cells to increase antibody diversity should be determined.

A: Antigens refer to a substance that is foreign or external to the human body and arouses an immune…

Q: Correctly order the steps in cellular Immunity. Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the…

A: The cell mediated immunity is a safe reaction that doesn't include antibodies. Rather, cell mediated…

Q: Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in…

A: Bacteria are a kind of organic cell. They comprise a huge space of prokaryotic microorganisms.…

Q: Which is an example of passive immunity? A) only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta…

A: Passive immunity can be defined as the transfer of active humoral immunity of antibodies. It can…

Q: What is complement? In what two ways is it activated?How does complement provide protection?

A: Immunity is a state of being well or immune. It can also be explained as resistance shown by the…

Q: What

A:

Q: What is MHC?  List the specific cells that have MHC presentation and describe their role in the…

A: A sequence of genes that code for cell surface proteins that regulate the adaptive immune response…

Q: The primary antibody mediated immunity response will: O A) Produce high levels of IgG. O B) Allow…

A: A primary response is the first exposure of an individual to an immunogen (antigen that can activate…

Q: a.) compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. b.) explain why cooperation between innate…

A: Innate immune response prevents the movement and spread of foreign particles in the body. The…

Q: A 40-year-old man with a complement deficiency agrees to participate in a clinical study of immune…

A: Introduction: The complement refers to a system of non-specific proteins found in normal human and…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.