Given that the 13th Amendment established the abolition of involuntary servitude, how did the loophole in the 13th Amendment that specifically related to "except in cases of incarceration" relate historically to Black Codes, chains gangs and ultimately the prison complex we have in the US today?

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  1. Given that the 13th Amendment established the abolition of involuntary servitude, how did the loophole in the 13th Amendment that specifically related to "except in cases of incarceration" relate historically to Black Codes, chains gangs and ultimately the prison complex we have in the US today?
  2. The NAACP argues that rising prison spending is undermining public education. What do you think of this correlation? Is public spending on the prison system a legitimate priority, even if it involves tradeoffs with other services?
  3.  What are some directions the US could go in to stem this problem? If you don't have an immediate idea, look outside of this exercise to other solutions to this problem in our country today. Be sure to cite outside sources. 
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