Functional-Based versus Activity-Based Costing For years, Tamarindo Company produced only one product: backpacks. Recently, Tamarindo added a line of duffel bags. With this addition, the company began assigning overhead costs by using departmental rates. (Prior to this, the company used a predetermined plantwide rate based on units produced.) Surprisingly, after the addition of the duffel-bag line and the switch to departmental rates, the costs to produce the backpacks increased, and their profitability dropped. Josie, the marketing manager, and Steve, the production manager, both complained about the increase in the production cost of backpacks. Josie was concerned because the increase in unit costs led to pressure to increase the unit price of backpacks. She was resisting this pressure because she was certain that the increase would harm the company's market share. Steve was receiving pressure to cut costs also, yet he was convinced that nothing different was being done in the way the backpacks were produced. After some discussion, the two managers decided that the problem had to be connected to the addition of the duffel-bag line. Upon investigation, they were informed that the only real change in product costing procedures was in the way overhead costs are assigned. A two-stage procedure was now in use. First, overhead costs are assigned to the two producing departments, Patterns and Finishing. Second, the costs accumulated in the producing departments are assigned to the two products by using direct labor hours as a driver (the rate in each department is based on direct labor hours). The managers were assured that great care was taken to associate overhead costs with individual products. So that they could construct their own example of overhead cost assignment, the controller provided them with the information necessary to show how accounting costs are assigned to products: Patterns Dept. Finishing Dept. Total Accounting cost $30,000 $90,000 $120,000 Transactions processed 20,000 60,000 80,000 Total direct labor hours 15,000 30,000 45,000 Direct labor hours per backpack* 0.10 0.20 0.30 Direct labor hours per duffel bag* 0.20 0.40 0.60 * Hours required to produce one unit of each product. The controller remarked that the cost of operating the accounting department had doubled with the addition of the new product line. The increase came because of the need to process additional transactions, which had also doubled in number. During the first year of producing duffel bags, the company produced and sold 100,000 backpacks and 25,000 duffel bags. The 100,000 backpacks matched the prior year’s output for that product. Required: 1. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION: Compute the amount of accounting cost assigned to a backpack before the duffel-bag line was added by using a plantwide rate approach based on units produced. Is this assignment accurate? (Round your answers to the nearest cent.) The cost before the addition of the duffel bags is $ per unit. The assignment is accurate because all of the costs belong to the one product . Feedback Divide total costs in half and divide by number of backpacks produced. 2. Suppose that the company decided to assign the accounting costs directly to the product lines by using the number of transactions as the activity driver. What is the accounting cost per unit of backpacks? Per unit of duffel bags? (Round your answers to the nearest cent.) Activity rate: $ per transaction . Product Accounting cost (per unit) Backpacks $ Duffel bags $ Feedback Divide total costs by total number of transactions. Multiply by transactions for each product (backpacks and duffel bags). 3. Compute the amount of accounting cost assigned to each backpack and duffel bag by using departmental rates based on direct labor hours. (Round your answers to the nearest cent.) Overhead rates Patterns $ per direct labor hour Finishing $ per direct labor hour Tamarindo Company Cost Assignment Backpacks Duffel Bags Patterns $ $ Finishing Total per unit $ $ Feedback Determine overhead cost per department. Divide the patterns cost by direct labor hours. Repeat for finishing. Multiply rate by direct labor hours for each department under columns for both products. 4. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION: Which way of assigning overhead does the best job—the functional-based approach by using departmental rates or the activity-based approach by using transactions processed for each product? Discuss the value of ABC before the duffel bag line was added. Complete the statements below regarding the best approach when assigning overhead and the value of ABC. The activity-based approach calculates the same cost per backpack when produced with the duffel bags as when produced alone, which shows that cost distortion is minimal. In a single-product environment, ABC offers no improvement in product costing accuracy.
Process Costing
Process costing is a sort of operation costing which is employed to determine the value of a product at each process or stage of producing process, applicable where goods produced from a series of continuous operations or procedure.
Job Costing
Job costing is adhesive costs of each and every job involved in the production processes. It is an accounting measure. It is a method which determines the cost of specific jobs, which are performed according to the consumer’s specifications. Job costing is possible only in businesses where the production is done as per the customer’s requirement. For example, some customers order to manufacture furniture as per their needs.
ABC Costing
Cost Accounting is a form of managerial accounting that helps the company in assessing the total variable cost so as to compute the cost of production. Cost accounting is generally used by the management so as to ensure better decision-making. In comparison to financial accounting, cost accounting has to follow a set standard ad can be used flexibly by the management as per their needs. The types of Cost Accounting include – Lean Accounting, Standard Costing, Marginal Costing and Activity Based Costing.
Functional-Based versus Activity-Based Costing
For years, Tamarindo Company produced only one product: backpacks. Recently, Tamarindo added a line of duffel bags. With this addition, the company began assigning
Josie, the marketing manager, and Steve, the production manager, both complained about the increase in the production cost of backpacks. Josie was concerned because the increase in unit costs led to pressure to increase the unit price of backpacks. She was resisting this pressure because she was certain that the increase would harm the company's market share. Steve was receiving pressure to cut costs also, yet he was convinced that nothing different was being done in the way the backpacks were produced. After some discussion, the two managers decided that the problem had to be connected to the addition of the duffel-bag line.
Upon investigation, they were informed that the only real change in product costing procedures was in the way overhead costs are assigned. A two-stage procedure was now in use. First, overhead costs are assigned to the two producing departments, Patterns and Finishing. Second, the costs accumulated in the producing departments are assigned to the two products by using direct labor hours as a driver (the rate in each department is based on direct labor hours). The managers were assured that great care was taken to associate overhead costs with individual products. So that they could construct their own example of overhead cost assignment, the controller provided them with the information necessary to show how accounting costs are assigned to products:
| Patterns Dept. | Finishing Dept. | Total | |
| Accounting cost | $30,000 | $90,000 | $120,000 |
| Transactions processed | 20,000 | 60,000 | 80,000 |
| Total direct labor hours | 15,000 | 30,000 | 45,000 |
| Direct labor hours per backpack* | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 |
| Direct labor hours per duffel bag* | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 |
* Hours required to produce one unit of each product.
The controller remarked that the cost of operating the accounting department had doubled with the addition of the new product line. The increase came because of the need to process additional transactions, which had also doubled in number.
During the first year of producing duffel bags, the company produced and sold 100,000 backpacks and 25,000 duffel bags. The 100,000 backpacks matched the prior year’s output for that product.
Required:1. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION: Compute the amount of accounting cost assigned to a backpack before the duffel-bag line was added by using a plantwide rate approach based on units produced. Is this assignment accurate? (Round your answers to the nearest cent.)
The cost before the addition of the duffel bags is $ per unit.
The assignment is accurate because all of the costs belong to the one product .
Divide total costs in half and divide by number of backpacks produced.
2. Suppose that the company decided to assign the accounting costs directly to the product lines by using the number of transactions as the activity driver. What is the accounting cost per unit of backpacks? Per unit of duffel bags? (Round your answers to the nearest cent.)
Activity rate: $ per transaction .
| Product | Accounting cost (per unit) |
| Backpacks | $ |
| Duffel bags | $ |
Divide total costs by total number of transactions. Multiply by transactions for each product (backpacks and duffel bags).
3. Compute the amount of accounting cost assigned to each backpack and duffel bag by using departmental rates based on direct labor hours. (Round your answers to the nearest cent.)
| Overhead rates | |
| Patterns | $ per direct labor hour |
| Finishing | $ per direct labor hour |
| Tamarindo Company Cost Assignment |
||
| Backpacks | Duffel Bags | |
| Patterns | $ | $ |
| Finishing | ||
| Total per unit | $ | $ |
Determine overhead cost per department. Divide the patterns cost by direct labor hours. Repeat for finishing. Multiply rate by direct labor hours for each department under columns for both products.
4. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION: Which way of assigning overhead does the best job—the functional-based approach by using departmental rates or the activity-based approach by using transactions processed for each product? Discuss the value of ABC before the duffel bag line was added.
Complete the statements below regarding the best approach when assigning overhead and the value of ABC.
The activity-based approach calculates the same cost per backpack when produced with the duffel bags as when produced alone, which shows that cost distortion is minimal.
In a single-product environment, ABC offers no improvement in product costing accuracy.
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