For each of the following statements, indicate where the statistical association is likely a result of chance, bias, or confounding and provide a brief explanation.
For each of the following statements, indicate where the statistical association is likely a result of chance, bias, or confounding and provide a brief explanation.
1. A case-control study found a positive association between self-reported secondhand smoke exposure during childhood and cardiovascular disease as an adult.
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Explanation:
2. A cohort study found no statistical association between smoking and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Explanation:
3. A hospital-based case-control study identified a strong association between estrogen therapy and heart attacks. Many doctors suspected the association and hospitalized some women who were on estrogen therapy for evaluation.
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Explanation:
4. A small prospective cohort study found that those who were exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, also known as PFAS, from an environmental exposure did not have a significantly greater risk of developing cancer compared to those who were not exposed. The risk ratio was >1 but the confidence interval was very wide and included 1 (RR= 1.35; 95% confidence interval 0.14-55.01)
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Explanation:
5. A case-control study showed a strong association exists between physical inactivity and heart disease.
Answer:
Explanation:
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