Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
1 Basic Concepts Of Chemistry 2 Atoms Molecules And Ions 3 Chemical Reactions 4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions 5 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Energy And Chemical Reactions 6 The Structure Of Atoms 7 The Structure Of Atoms And Periodic Trends 8 Bonding And Molecular Structure 9 Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals 10 Gases And Their Properties 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids 12 The Solid State 13 Solutions And Their Behavior 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates Of Chemical Reactions 15 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 16 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases 17 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects Of Aqueous Equilibria 18 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy 19 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions 20 Environmental Chemistry-earth's Environment, Energy, And Sustainability 21 The Chemistry Of The Main Group Elements 22 The Chemistry Of The Transistion Elements 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 24 Biochemistry 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter16: Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases
16.1 The Bronsted-lowry Concept Of Acids And Bases 16.2 Water And Ph Scale 16.3 Equilibrium Constants For Acids And Bases 16.4 Acid-base Properties Of Salts 16.5 Predicting The Direction Of Acid-base Reactions 16.6 Types Of Acid-base Reactions 16.7 Calculations With Equilibrium Constants 16.8 Polyprotic Acids And Bases 16.9 Molecular Structure, Bonding And Acid-base Behavior 16.10 The Lewis Concept Of Acids And Bases Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1PS: Write the formula and the give the name of the conjugate base of each of the following acids. a) HCN... Problem 2PS: Write the formula and give the name of the conjugate base of each of the following acids. a) NH3 b)... Problem 3PS: What are the products of each of the following acid-base reactions? Indicate the acid and its... Problem 4PS: What are the products of each of the following acid-base reactions? Indicate the acid and its... Problem 5PS: Write balanced equations showing how the hydrogen oxalate ion, HC2O4, can be both a Bronsted acid... Problem 6PS: Write a balanced equation showing how the HPO42 ion of sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 can be a... Problem 7PS: In each of the following acid-base reactions, identify the Brnsted acid and base on the left and... Problem 8PS: In each of the following acid-base reactions, identify the Brnsted acid and base on the left and... Problem 9PS: An aqueous solution has a pH of 3.75. What is the hydronium ion concentration of the solution? Is it... Problem 10PS: A saturated solution of milk of magnesia. Mg(OH)2, has a pH of 10.52. What is the hydronium ion... Problem 11PS: What is the pH of a 0.0075 M solution of HCl? What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the... Problem 12PS: What is the pH of a 1.2 104 M solution of KOH? What is the hydronium ion concentration of the... Problem 13PS: What is the pH of a 0.0015 M solution of Ba(OH)2? Problem 14PS: The pH of a solution of Ba(OH)2 is 10.66 at 25 . What is the hydroxide ion concentration in the... Problem 15PS: Write an equilibrium constant expression for the reaction of ammonium ion, a weak acid, with water. Problem 16PS: Write an equilibrium constant expression for the reaction of fluoride ion, a weak base, with water. Problem 17PS: Several acids are listed here with their respective equilibrium constants: C6H5OH(aq) + H2O() ... Problem 18PS: Several acids are listed here with their respective equilibrium constants: HF(aq) + H2O() H3O+(aq)... Problem 19PS: Which of the following ions or compounds has the strongest conjugate base? Briefly explain your... Problem 20PS: Which of the following compounds or ions has the weakest conjugate base? Briefly explain your... Problem 21PS: Which of the following compounds or ions has the weakest conjugate acid? Briefly explain your... Problem 22PS: Which of the following compounds or ion has the strongest conjugate acid? Briefly explain your... Problem 23PS: Dissolving K2CO3 in water gives a basic solution. Rite a balanced equation showing how this can... Problem 24PS: Dissolving ammonium bromide in water gives an acidic solution. Write a balanced equation showing... Problem 25PS: If each of the salts listed here were dissolved in water to give 0.10M solution, which solution... Problem 26PS: Which of the following common food additives gives a basic solution when dissolved in water? (a)... Problem 27PS Problem 28PS Problem 29PS Problem 30PS: An organic acid has pKa = 8.95. What is its Ka value? Where does the acid fit in Table 16.2? TABLE... Problem 31PS Problem 32PS: Which is the stronger of the following two acids? (a) acetic acid, CH3CO2H, Ka = 1.8 105 (b)... Problem 33PS: Chloroacetic acid (ClCH2CO2H) has Ka = 1.41 103. What is the value of Kb for the chloroacetate ion... Problem 34PS: A weak base has Kb = 1.5 109. What is the value of Ka for the conjugate acid? Problem 35PS: The trimethylammonium ion, (CH3)3NH+, is the conjugate acid of the weak base trimethylamine,... Problem 36PS: The chromium(III) ion in water, [Cr(H2O)6]3+. Is a weak acid with pKa = 3.95. What is the value of... Problem 37PS: Acetic acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, are mixed in water. Write a balanced equation for... Problem 38PS: Ammonium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2PO4, are mixed in water. Write a balanced... Problem 39PS: For each of the following reactions, predict whether the equilibrium lies predominantly to the left... Problem 40PS: For each of the following reactions, predict whether the equilibrium lies predominantly to the left... Problem 41PS: Equal molar quantities of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) are mixed. (a)... Problem 42PS: Equal molar quantities of hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) are mixed. (a) Write the... Problem 43PS: Equal molar quantities of acetic acid and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) are mixed. (a) Write a... Problem 44PS: Equal molar quantities of ammonia and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) are mixed. (a) Write a... Problem 45PS: A 0.015 M solution of hydrogen cyanate, HOCN, has a pH of 2.67. (a) What is the hydronium ion... Problem 46PS: A 0.10 M solution of chloroacetic acid, CICH2CO2H, has a pH of 1.95. Calculate Ka for the acid. Problem 47PS: A 0.025 M solution of hydroxyl amine has a pH of 9.11. What is the value of Kb for this weak base?... Problem 48PS: Methylamine, CH3NH2, is a weak base. CH3NH2(aq) + H2O() CH3NH3+(aq) + OH(aq) If the pH of a 0.065 M... Problem 49PS: A 2.5 103 M solution of an unknown acid has a pH of 3.80 at 25 C. (a) What is the hydronium ion... Problem 50PS: A 0.015M solution of a base has a pH of 10.09 a) What are the hydronium and hydroxide ion... Problem 51PS: What are the equilibrium concentrations of hydronium ion, acetate ion and acetic acid in a 0.20 M... Problem 52PS: The ionizations constant of a very weak acid, HA is 4.0109.Calculate the equilibrium concentrations... Problem 53PS: What are the equilibrium concentration of H3O+, CN and HCN in a 0.025 M solution of HCN? What is the... Problem 54PS: Phenol (C6H5OH) commonly called carbolic acid is a weak organic acid... Problem 55PS: What are the equilibrium concentrations of NH3,NH4+ and OH in a 0.15M solution of ammonia? What is... Problem 56PS: A hypothetical weak base has Kb=5.0104.Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the base, its... Problem 57PS: The weak base methylamine, CH3NH2, has Kb=4.2104. It reacts with water according to the equation.... Problem 58PS: Calculate the pH of a 0.12 M aqueous solution of the base aniline, C6H5NH2(Kb=4.01010).... Problem 59PS: Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M aqueous solution of HF. Problem 60PS: A solution of hydrofluoric acid, HF, has a pH of 2.30. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of... Problem 61PS: Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and pH in a 0.20 M solution of ammonium chloride NH4Cl. Problem 62PS: Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and pH for a 0.015M solution of sodium formate NaHCO3. Problem 63PS: Sodium cyanide is the salt of the weak acid HCN. Calculate the concentrations of H3O+,OH,HCN and Na+... Problem 64PS: The sodium salt of propionic acid, NaCH3CH2CO2 is used as an antifungal agent by veterinarians.... Problem 65PS: Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and pH of the solution that results when 22.0mL of 0.15M... Problem 66PS: Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and the pH when 50.0mL of 0.40M NH3 is mixed with 50.0mL... Problem 67PS: For each of the following cases, decide whether the pH is less than 7 equal to 7 or greater than 7.... Problem 68PS: For each of the following cases, decide whether the pH is less than 7, equal to 7 or greater than 7.... Problem 69PS: Oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is a diprotic acid. Write a chemical equilibrium expression for each ionization... Problem 70PS: Sodium carbonate is a diprotic base. Write a chemical equilibrium expression for each of the two... Problem 71PS: Prove that Ka1 Kb2 = Kw for oxalic acid H2C2O4, by adding the chemical equilibrium expressions that... Problem 72PS: Prove that Ka3 Kb1 = Kw for phosphoric acid, H3PO4, by adding the chemical equilibrium expressions... Problem 73PS: Sulphurous acid, H2SO3, is a weak acid capable of providing two H+ ions. (a) What is the pH of a... Problem 74PS: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6) is a diprotic acid (Ka1 = 6.8 105 and Ka2 = 2.7 1012). What is... Problem 75PS: Hydrazine, N2H4, can interact with water in two steps. N2H4(aq) + H2O() N2H5+(aq) + OH(aq) Kb1 =... Problem 76PS: Ethylene diamine, H2NCH2CH2NH2, can interact with water in two steps, forming OH in each step... Problem 77PS: Which should be stronger acid, HOCN or HCN? Explain briefly. (In HOCN, the H+ ion is attached to the... Problem 78PS Problem 79PS: Explain why benzene sulfonic acid is a Brnsted acid. Problem 80PS: The structure of ethylene diamine is illustrated in study question 76. Is this compound a Brnsted... Problem 81PS: Decide whether each of the following substances should be classified as a Lewis acid or a Lewis... Problem 82PS: Decide whether each of the following substances should be classified as a Lewis acid or a Lewis... Problem 83PS: Carbon monoxide forms complexes with low-valent metals. For example, Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5 are well... Problem 84PS: Trimethylamine, (CH3)3N, is a common reagent. It interacts readily with diborane gas, B2H6. The... Problem 85GQ: About this time, you may be wishing you had an aspirin. Aspirin is an organic acid with a Ka of 3.27... Problem 86GQ: Consider the following ions: NH4+, CO32, Br, S2, and ClO4. (a) Which of these ions in water gives an... Problem 87GQ: A 2.50 g sample of a solid that could be Ba(OH)2 or Sr(OH)2 was dissolved in enough water to make... Problem 88GQ: In a particular solution, acetic acid is 11% ionized at 25 C. Calculate the pH of the solution and... Problem 89GQ: Hydrogen, H2S, and sodium acetate, NaCH3CO2 are mixed in water. Using Table 16.2, write a balanced... Problem 90GQ: For each of the following reactions predict whether the equilibrium lies predominantly to the left... Problem 91GQ: A monoprotic acid HX has Ka = 1.3 103. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of HX and H3O+ and... Problem 92GQ: Arrange the following 0.10M solutions in order of increasing pH. (a) NaCl (b) NH4Cl (c) HCl (d)... Problem 93GQ: m-Nitrophenol, a weak acid, can be used as a pH indicator because it is yellow at pH above 8.6 and... Problem 94GQ: The butylammonium ion, C4H9NH3+, has a Ka of 2.3 1011. C4H9NH3+(aq) + H2O() H3O+(aq) + C4H9NH2(aq)... Problem 95GQ: The local anaesthetic novocaine is the hydrogen chloride salt of an organic base, procaine.... Problem 96GQ: Pyridine is weak organic base and readily forms a salt with hydrochloric acid.... Problem 97GQ: The base ethylamine (CH3CH2NH2) has a Kb of. A closely related base, ethanolamine(HOCH2CH2NH2), has... Problem 98GQ: Chloroacetic acid, ClCH2CO2H, is a moderately weak acid (Ka=1.40103). If you dissolve 94.5 mg of the... Problem 99GQ: Saccharin (HC7H4NO3S) is a weak acid with pKa = 2.32 at 25 C. It is used in the form of sodium... Problem 100GQ: Given the following solutions: (a) 0.1 M NH3 (b) 0.1 M Na2CO3 (c) 0.1 M NaCl (d) 0.1 M CH3CO2H (e)... Problem 101GQ: For each of the following salts, predict whether a 0.10 M solution has a pH less than, equal to, or... Problem 102GQ: Nicotine, C10H14N2, has two basic nitrogen atoms (Figure 16.12), and both can react with water.... Problem 103GQ Problem 104GQ: The equilibrium constant for the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia is 1.8 109 (page 726).... Problem 105GQ: The equilibrium constant for the reaction of formic acid and sodium hydroxide is 1.8 1010 (page... Problem 106GQ: Calculate the pH of the solution that results from mixing 25.0 mL of 0.14 M formic acid and 50.0 mL... Problem 107GQ: To what volume should 1.00 102 mL of any weak acid, HA, with a concentration 0.20 M be diluted to... Problem 108GQ: The hydrogen phthalate ion, C8HsO4, is a weak acid with Ka = 3.91 106.... Problem 109GQ Problem 110GQ Problem 111IL Problem 112IL Problem 113IL Problem 114IL: A hydrogen atom in the organic base pyridine, C5H5N, can be substituted by various atoms or groups... Problem 115IL: Nicotinic acid, C6H5NO2, is found in minute amounts in all living cells, hut appreciable amounts... Problem 116IL Problem 117IL: Sulfanilic acid, which is used in making dyes, is made by reacting aniline with sulfuric acid. (a)... Problem 118IL: Amino acids are an important group of compounds. At low pH, both the carboxylic acid group (CO2H)... Problem 119SCQ: How can water be both a Brnsied base and a Lewis base? Can water be a Brnsted acid? A Lewis acid? Problem 120SCQ: The nickel(II) ion exists as [Ni(H2O)4]2+ in aqueous solution. Why is this solution acidic? As part... Problem 121SCQ: The halogens form three stable, weak acids, HOX. (a) Which is the strongest of these acids? (b)... Problem 122SCQ: The acidity of the oxoacids was described in Section 16.9, and a larger number of acids are listed... Problem 123SCQ: Perchloric acid behaves as an acid, even when it is dissolved in sulfuric acid. (a) Write a balanced... Problem 124SCQ: You purchase a bottle of water. On checking its pH, you find that it is not neutral, as you might... Problem 125SCQ Problem 126SCQ Problem 127SCQ Problem 128SCQ Problem 129SCQ: Consider a salt of a weak base and a weak acid such as ammonium cyanide. Both the NH4+ and CN ions... Problem 20PS: Which of the following compounds or ions has the weakest conjugate base? Briefly explain your...
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Transcribed Image Text: For each of the following pairs of compounds, select the stronger acid, provide a brief explanation, and DRAW THE
CONJUGATE BASE
O-OH
VS.
OH
VS.
OH
O
||
OH
Branch of chemistry concerned with the study of carbon-based compounds, also known as organic compounds. These compounds form due to carbon's notable potential in forming chemical bonds. Due to the abundance of organic compounds on Earth, organic chemistry is crucial in other scientific disciplines, including materials science and pharmaceutical science.
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