Export subsidies result in a welfare loss to the home country due to the protective and consumption effects. In order to determine the magnitude of these effects, you must compare the change in consumer and producers surplus against the cost of the subsidy. On the previous graph, use the green quadrilateral (triangle symbols) to indicate the loss in consumer surplus due to the export subsidy. Then use th purple quadrilateral (diamond symbols) to indicate the gain in producer surplus as a result of the export subsidy. The taxpayer cost of the export subsidy equals $
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- Because Zambia participates in international trade in the market for soybeans, it will import tons of soybeans. Now suppose the Zambian government decides to impose a tariff of $10 on each imported ton of soybeans. Under the tariff, the price Zambian consumers pay for a ton of soybeans becomes , and Zambia will import tons of soybeans. Use the following graph to show the effects of the $10 tariffConsider a small country that exports steel. Suppose the following graph depicts the domestic demand and supply for steel in this country. One of the two price lines represents the world price of steel. ecause this country exports steel, the world price is represented by . Suppose that a “pro-trade” government decides to subsidize the export of steel by paying $10 for each ton sold abroad. With this export subsidy, the price paid by domestic consumers is per ton, and the price received by domestic producers is per ton. The quantity of steel consumed by domestic consumers , the quantity of steel produced by domestic producers , and the quantity of steel exported . True or False: With the export subsidy, domestic producers will sell steel to domestic consumers and sell the rest abroad. True False Under the export subsidy, consumer surplus is and producer surplus is . Government revenue by (increases or Decreases) . As a…4. A graphical comparison of tariffs and quotas Alagir and Ertil are small countries that protect their economic growth from rapidly advancing globalization by limiting the import of rugs to 20 million. To this end, each country imposes a different type of trade barrier when the world price (Pw) is $3,000. In Alagir, the government decides to impose a tariff of $2,000 per rug; in Ertil, the government implements a quota of 20 million rugs. Assume that Alagir and Ertil have identical domestic demand (Do) and supply (S) curves for rugs as shown on the following graph. Under these conditions, the price of rugs is $5,000 per rug in each country. PRICE (Dolars per rug) 10000 9000 8000 7000 8000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 D 0 P.. 10 D₂ * 20 D₁ XX ☆ XX 40 30 50 60 70 QUANTITY (Millions of rugs) S 80 90 100 (?)
- [India is the world’s largest consumer of sugar. Assume the world price for sugar is $750 per ton.] [Assume India currently has a tariff of $50 per ton on sugar and imports 7 million tons of sugar. Show this situation in a graph. Label the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied domestically and imports clearly on a graph. Explain your graph in 3-4 sentences. How to draw the graph?The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for maize in Guatemala. The world price (Pr) of maize is $255 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of maize and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in maize. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. 435 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 415 305 375 355 X 335 315 295 275 Pu W 255 235 0 40 80 300 400 120 100 200 240 280 320 QUANTITY (Tons of maize) If Guatemala is open to international trade in maize without any restrictions, it will import. tons of maize. per ton will Suppose the Guatemalan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 80 tons of maize to help domestic producers. A tariff of S achieve this. A tariff set at this level would raise $ in revenue…Consider the Bangladeshi market for oranges. The following graph shows the domestic demand and domestic supply curves for oranges in Bangladesh. Suppose Bangladesh's government currently does not allow the international trade in oranges. Lise the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the equilibrium price of a ton of oranges and the equilibrium quantity of oranges in Bangladesh in the absence of international trade. Then, use the green point (triangle symbol) to shade the area representing consumer surplus in equilibrium. Finally, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to shade the area representing producer surplus in equilibrium. Note: Select and drag a fill area point from the palette to the graph. To fill in regions on the graph, merely drop the fill area point on the desired region. 1580 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 1470 No Trade Equilibrium 1360 A 1250 1140 Consumer Surplus 1030 920 Producer Surplus 810 700 500 480 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 290 315 350 QUANTITY (Thousands of…
- 5. Agricultural export subsidies in a small nation The following graph shows the market for wheat in Canada, where Do is the demand curve, Sc is the supply curve, and Pw is the free trade price of wheat. Assume that Canada is a relatively small producer of wheat, so changes in its output do not affect the world price of wheat. Also assume that Canada is currently open to free trade, and domestic consumers are able to purchase wheat at the world price with negligible transportation costs. Suppose a subsidy of $80 per ton is granted to exporters in Canada, allowing them to sell their products abroad at prices below their costs. Assume that trade restrictions are also put in place in order to prevent domestic consumers from buying wheat abroad at the world price. Use the grey line (star symbols) to indicate the world price of wheat plus the subsidy on the following graph. Then use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the price of wheat in Canada and the quantity demanded at that…The following graph shows the supply and demand curves of gloves for Portugal. Germany and France supply gloves to Portugal at a price of $2 and $3, respectively. The green line indicates a 100% nondiscriminatory tariff on Portugal's glove imports. PRICE (Dollars per pair of gloves) 10 9 O 8 2 1 0 ☐ 0 □ 2 ☐ 4 O ☐ O ☐ O 6 ☐ O ☐ O 8 10 12 14 QUANTITY (Pairs of gloves) Suppose Portugal forms a customs union with France. □ C 16 The customs union results in the trade creation effect of $ 0 Stariff SE F SG O 18 20 (?) and the trade diversion effect of $ If, instead, Portugal forms a customs union with Germany, the result will be a by an amount equal to a effect of $ The overall welfare of Portugal customs union. The welfare of Portugal willThe following graph shows the domestic market for oil in the United States, where SDSD is the domestic supply curve, and DDDD is the domestic demand curve. Assume the United States is considered a large nation, meaning that changes in the quantity of its imports due to a tariff influence the world price of oil. Under free trade, the United States faced a total supply schedule of SD+WSD+W, which shows the quantity of oil that both domestic and foreign producers together offer domestic consumers. In this case, the free-trade equilibrium (black plus) occurs at a price of $240 per barrel of oil and a quantity of 9 million barrels. At this price, the United States imports 6 million barrels of oil. Suppose the U.S. government imposes a $60-per-barrel tariff on oil imports.
- Assume that Canada is an importer of televisions and that there are no trade restrictions. Canadian consumers buy 1.2 million televisions per year, of which 600,000 are produced domestically and 600,000 are imported. Suppose that a technological advance among Japanese television manufacturers causes the world price to fall $800 to $700. Draw a graph to show how this change affects the welfare of Canadian consumers and Canadian producers and how it affects total surplus in Canada. Label the diagram carefully to show all the areas using letters of alphabets. (Do not shade the areas). After the fall in price, consumers buy 1.4 million televisions, of which 400,000 are produced domestically and 1 million are imported. Calculate the change (this will be only the area either gained or lost by consumers and producers) in consumer surplus, producer surplus and total surplus due to price reduction. Provide numerical answers by calculating the area of change in surplus due to fall in…4. Effects of a tariff in a large nation The following graph shows the domestic market for oil in the United States, where Sp is the domestic supply curve, and Dp is the domestic demand curve. Assume the United States is considered a large nation, meaning that changes in the quantity of its imports due to a tariff influence the world price of oil. Under free trade, the United States faced a total supply schedule of Sp+w, which shows the quantity of oil that both domestic and foreign producers together offer domestic consumers. In this case, the free-trade equilibrium (black plus) occurs at a price of $240 per barrel of oil and a quantity of 9 million barrels. At this price, the United States imports 6 million barrels of oil. Suppose the U.S. government imposes a $60-per-barrel tariff on oil imports. On the following graph, use the tan line (rectangle symbol) to draw the new total supply schedule including the tariff (SD+W+T). Then use the grey point (star symbol) to indicate the new…The figure shows a country’s domestic supply and demand curves for a good, as well as the world price, Pw, for the good that it faces, as a small country, on the world market. Initially, the country is exporting X1 units of that good at that price. Suppose that producers in this industry lobby policy makers to provide them with some sort of assistance to help them export even more. Policy makers are considering an export subsidy. What area represents the cost of this subsidy to the government (taxpayers)? Group of answer choices b+c+d a+b+c+d c+d a+b+c