explain in detail why the following risk factors may promote the pathogenesis of breast cancer Risk Factors - Age +60 years - Obesity - Alcohol - Family history of breast cancer - Inheritance of mutated BRCA genes
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Please explain in detail why the following risk factors may promote the pathogenesis of breast cancer
Risk Factors
- Age +60 years
- Obesity
- Alcohol
- Family history of breast cancer
- Inheritance of mutated BRCA genes.
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- Write down the etiopathology and pathophysiology of breast cancer? What are the different stages of breast cancer?What are the measures for prevention and early detection of breast cancer?A standard course of post-operational gamma or x-ray therapy, normally given after operations to remove breast cancer, consists of daily fractions of 1.7 Gy,5 days a week for 6 weeks. Estimate the risk of inducing new breast from this treatment.
- Explain in detail how symptoms help with correct investigation of breast cancer? The answer needs to be very detailed and long.For items 42-43, refer to the given data below:Janel is a 31-year-old woman who has a positive screening mammogram. She consulted an oncologist about the chance of this being actual breast cancer. Janel was referred for mammography because of a suspiciousbreast mass that has doubled its size over the past 3 months. Lesions were also noted. Among 1000 hypothetical patients with a similar presentation, about 30% are estimated to have actual breast cancer. Assume that mammography has a sensitivity of 98% and 95% specificity for detecting breast cancer. 42. Given Janel’s clinical presentation and a positive diagnostic mammogram, what is the probability that shehas actual breast cancer?A. 10.65% B. 30% C. 89.36% D. 91.21%Explain what is meant by “targeted therapy” for breastcancer.
- Describe the relationships between family history and breast cancerExplain neoplasia benign in detail Provide examples.Explain the multi hit approach to colorectal cancer regarding the pathways CIN chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI). explain step by step. what genes are involved.
- Research studies that have been conducted about breast cancer risk have found that 60% of breast cancer cases are due to genetic risk factors. This is a measure of" a) Risk b) Odds c) Attributable risk percent d) Incidence rateThe following paragraph is taken from the National Cancer Institute’s web site on the PSA test for prostate cancer. The paragraph is the complete discussion of false positive PSA results offered on the web site. • What are some of the limitations of the PSA test? • False-positive tests: False-positive test results (also called false positives) occur when the PSA level is elevated but no cancer is actually present. False positives may lead to additional medical procedures that have potential risks and significant financial costs and can create anxiety for the patient and his family. Most men with an elevated PSA test result turn out not to have cancer; only 25 to 35 percent of men who have a biopsy due to an elevated PSA level actually have prostate cancer. Is the last sentence in the paragraph immediately above about false positives as the paragraph is entitled or is it about the left-hand side of Bayes Theorem? Explain.Define about this ? "Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited"